significance of wing-markings. Ill 



polychloros in which resohition of III. is pretty well 

 marked, we shall find the constituents of III., together 

 with these two spots and the large spot at the anal 

 angle of the wing, forming a regular series in the form 

 of an S. Comparing such a specimen with any 

 Argynnis, we shall be tempted to indentify this series as 

 a whole with series III. in the Argynnis, the only con- 

 spicuous difference being that in the latter the curve is 

 less pronounced. With regard to the large spot at the 

 anal angle I have no doubt of the correctness of the 

 identification. It exactly represents in V. polychloros 

 the spot III. 8 in the Fritillaries. The two others, 

 however, do not really represent III. 6 and 7 as they 

 seem to do ; but belong to another series, the history of 

 which will be traced later. This is shown by a careful 

 examination of Grapta c-aureum, in which the two spots 

 corresponding to those in V. ijolychloros are plainly 

 seen, while outside them come two minute but unmis- 

 takeable representatives of III. 6 and III. 7 (fig. 34). 

 If any one doubts this, he has only to look at the 

 underside, where he will find the whole of series III., with 

 its branch III'., sharply indicated by small black dots, 

 two of which coincide exactly with III. 6 and 7 on the 

 upper surface, while the representatives of the other 

 two spots in question lie well to the inside of the 

 present series. A feature in G. c-aureum worthy of notice 

 is the presence in III. 7 (upper surface) of a minute 

 patch of blue scales (the import of which will be 

 explained later), indicating that it is in series with the 

 blue centred III. 8. 



It is interesting to observe that, as shown by the case 

 of V. polychloros, it is possible for a new series to be 

 made up out of parts of two old ones. 



Series III., like the already described series IV., 

 extends into the hind wing, here constituting a chain of 

 spots most usually five in number, occupying the five 

 interspaces from the 1st subcostal to the 1st median 

 nervule. These five spots I distinguish by the numbers 

 III., 10 — 14. They are conspicuously present in P. 

 carclui (fig. 24), both upper and under surface; in the 

 latter situation appearing as extremely handsome ocelli. 

 They are present but less conspicuous on the under 

 surface of P. atalanta ; on the upper surface of this 

 species they are partly obscured by the prevailing dark 



