significance of a-ing-inarkings. 123 



callirrhoe {P. indica), P. atalanta, and P. gouerilla* It 

 is worthy of notice that P. goncrilla preserves the blue 

 of III., which has been lost by P. atalanta, P. callirrhoe, 

 and to a great extent by P. cardui, and that P. atalanta 

 and P. goner ilia both preserve D s {P. atalanta ? , also D 4"), 

 which spots have with rare exceptions vanished from 

 P. cardui and P. kershawi. D ^i: is found in all the three 

 species of the group headed by P. terpsichore. It is 

 also interesting to note the different origin of the black 

 ground colour on the inside and outside respectively of 

 the scarlet streak in P. atalanta and P. gonerilla. That 

 on the outside is a survival in an intensified form of the 

 original dark colour of the primitive Argynnid, that on 

 the inside is a new feature seen for the first time in 

 P. callirrhoe, this part of the wing having in the history of 

 the species been dark, light, and dark again. From the 

 stem leading off from the " Protovanessa " towards the 

 genus Pyrameis is emitted the branch rej^resented by 

 the genus Eurema (Hypanartia). E. zahulina bears a 

 strong resemblance to P. carye, especially on the under 

 side. E. kefersteinii is in some respects intermediate 

 between E. zahulina and E. dione, this latter being 

 probably the most highly specialised of the genus, 

 though retaining series III. with its blue centres in the 

 hind wing. 



The second of the three lines diverging from the 

 " Protovanessa " is that followed by the genus Araschnia, 

 the single species composing which presents in a remark- 

 able form, as is well known, the phenomenon of seasonal 

 dimorphism. It is not necessary here to recapitulate 

 the analysis of the markings oi A. levana, which showed 

 this form to be in some respects intermediate between 

 the present members of the genus Pyrameis and the 

 Argynnids ; or to do more than mention two other 

 features in which A. levana reproduces the characters of 



■'= Prof. Meldola (' Weismann's Studies in Theory of Descent,' 

 English ed., 1882, vol. 2, p. 447), arninges the genus Pyrameis in 

 a somewhat different manner, as follows : — P. atalanta, dejcanii, 

 callirrhoe, tamrneamea, myrinna, liuntera, terjjsicliore, carye, 

 kershawi and cardui. It appears to me, I confess, that the 

 transition from P. cardui to P. atalanta through P. callirrhoe 

 [indica) is complete, and that the continuity is broken by the 

 interposition of P. huntera and myrinna. I am unfortunately 

 not acquainted with P. dejeanii. 



