from the region of the Straita of Gihrattar. 365 



no farther. Of these the elegant little black- winged 

 kite, Elanus ccerulcus, Desf., the conspicuous bush-shrike, 

 Telephoniis en/throptenis, Shaw, and Ixiis ha rhatus, Desf., 

 the last bird being abundant and somewhat destructive 

 in the orange-orclaards of Tangier and Tetuan, may be 

 instanced ; but perhaps the most singular case is that 

 of the two ravens, the well-known Corviis corax, L., 

 being found sparingly on the European side only, while 

 the smaller and very distinct C. tincjitanus, Irby, replaces 

 it at Tangier (where it is abundant) and elsewhere in 

 Marocco, but appears never to cross the Straits. It is 

 true that the partridge, Caccabis petrosa, Gmel., so com- 

 mon in Marocco, occurs on the Rock of Gibraltar, as 

 does also the monkey, Macacus inmis, L., but it is more 

 than probable that both these creatures were originally 

 conveyed there by human agency ; the ape is found, in a 

 truly wild state, on the Djebel Mousa. In the land- 

 shells also the same difference is noticed, those from the 

 Djebel Mousa, though closely allied to the Gibraltar 

 species, being mostly distinct ; the fine and rare Helix 

 Scherzeri, Zelebor, however, seems confined to the sum- 

 mits of the mountains, and H. Tarnieri, Morelet, abun- 

 dant at Tangier, reappears sparingly at Algegiras and 

 Tarifa. Among the butterflies, Euchloe euplieno, L., 

 Thestor mauritanicus, Luc, Lyccena Theophrastus, F., 

 Canonymp)ha arcanioides, Pierr. (which comes down to 

 the beach at Benzus Bay), and Pamphila Zelleri, Led., 

 appear to be confined to the Maroccan portion of the 

 region, while Euchloe euphenoides, Stgr., is an instance 

 of a common Spanish insect which does not cross the 

 Straits. In the Coleoptera, the species which are more 

 or less common on one side, and are apparently not 

 found at all on the other, are too numerous to mention. 

 Tangier was visited pretty frequently, though never 

 for more than two or three days at a time, and mostly 

 in the winter months : I noted upwards of 30 species of 

 butterflies as occurring there, the most interesting being 

 Thestor mauritanicus. Many more probably exist there, 

 as the country is favourable for collecting, and even 

 more varied than that near Gibraltar. To the west of 

 the town, in the direction of Cape Spartel, are undu- 

 lating downs, attaining in the Djebel Kebir a height of 

 nearly 1200 ft., and covered with a dense uniform 

 "scrub" of aromatic herbs and bushes, among which 



