of the Pgralidina of Oic Karopcan fuum. 438 



the purposes of this paper my entire exotic collection, 

 and that these conclusions are based upon and are con- 

 sistent with the M'hole of this material ; hence my 

 investigation is not liable to the charge of incompleteness 

 in this particular. 



PYRALIDINA. 



Ocelli usually present. Tongue usually well- developed. Maxil- 

 lary palpi usually well-developed. Fore wings with vein 1 usually 

 simple, sometimes more or less furcate at base, 5 more or less 

 closely approximated to 4 or sometimes remote yet nearer 4 than 

 7, 8 and 9 stalked, or separate in SiculocUdce and Agdistis only, 11 

 from beyond middle of cell. Hind wings with frenulum developed, 

 veins la, lb, Ic all present, simple, or 1 a sometimes absent 

 {PterojjhoridcB and Orneodidcb), 5 more or less closely approxim- 

 ated to 4 or sometimes remote yet nearer 4 than 7, 6 and 7 

 stalked or sometimes rising separate, 8 rising fi-ee and remote from 

 cell, gradually descending so as to be closely approximated to 7 for 

 a short distance near beyond its origin, or more usually anastom- 

 osing with it, thence rapidly diverging again. 



This group has no direct relationship to the Noctuina 

 and Geometrina, next which it is usually placed; nor 

 yet to the Tortricina and Tincinu, which constitute a 

 radically different line of development. The structure 

 of vein 8 of the hind wings is suhicient to distinguish it 

 from them all. Its real origin is from an early form of 

 the Bombycina, probably approaching Heteror/enea more 

 nearly than any form known to me, though Hcterogenea 

 will not in fact fulfil all the requirements of the ancestral 

 form ; probably also there is some afdnity with Thyris. 

 The connecting-link and earliest form of existing Pyralid- 

 ina appears to be the Sicidodidce, a family not found 

 within the region of the European fauna, in which veins 

 8 and 9 of the fore wings are usually separate though 

 occasionally stalked. 



The ocelli are often stated by systematic writers to be 

 absent, when in fact they are only concealed by the 

 scales ; as, for example, in Calamotro2)ha, where they 

 are seen to be well-developed on removal of the scales 

 covering them. The length of the antennae is given in 

 terms of the length of the fore wings ; thus antennae 

 three-fourths means that they are equal in length to three- 

 fourths of the extreme length of the fore wings. The 

 length of the ciliations of the antennae is given in terms 



2 g2 



