( xxxvii ) 



seemed to have no effect in accelerating emergence. Eight 

 out of thirty-one, the whole number of pupae of this 

 brood, had " gone over," Pupfe of V. atalanta were sub- 

 jected to (1) a temperature of 90°, emerging in six days ; 

 (2) temperatures ranging from 64° to 51°, emerging in 

 from 'eighteen to fifty-six days ; (3) a temperature of 45° 

 for from five to seven weeks, and then temperatures 

 ranging from 90° to 55°, emerging in from nineteen to thirty- 

 four days more. In No. 1 the black was rusty, but the orange 

 was wide in area and bright, and in two of the twelve at 

 this high temperature an additional small orange spot 

 appeared on the under side of the fore wings ; in No. 2 the 

 black was more intense and the orange deeper and narrower, 

 and the general intensity and contrast of colouring greater, 

 especially on the under sides of the hind wings ; in No. 3 

 the invasion of black had made further progress, the orange 

 baud being broken into several, lavender scales had spread 

 over the black and white parts, and several minute blue spots 

 appeared in the centre of the small black spots in the orange 

 band on the hind wings : on the under surface most of the 

 markings were less sharply defined, and a new submarginal 

 narrow band appeared. The results obtained by extreme and 

 protracted cold (/. e. 45°), though probably such as would 

 rarely be met with in nature, were interesting, first, as 

 proving by this extreme case that the less-marked interme- 

 diate results were caused by temperature ; and secondly, be- 

 cause, owing to the great alteration in markings and colouring 

 which they exhibit, they may possibly throw some light on the 

 evolution of the markings in the Vanessas. One marking on 

 Vanessa atalanta which had lately been the subject of some dis- 

 cussion, the minute white spot on the orange band of the fore 

 wing, did not seem dependent on temperature ; about one in 

 four showed this spot, or traces of it, on the upper surface, and 

 the whole of them— over sixty in number— showed the spot 

 or faint traces of it on the under surface. Icing (at 33°) 

 appeared to have little effect unless protracted for more 

 than six weeks, when it was generally fatal or injurious. 

 He had found a half- fed larva as late as October 16th, and 

 had no doubt that the species was in England partially 



PEOC. ENT. SOC. LOND., IV., 1892. U 



