60 Mr. F. Merrifield on effects of temperature 
the temperature of the room, ranging from 48° to 63°, averaging 
about 55°, at which they emerged in from 34 to 19 days more, 
making in all from 40 to 70 or more days. Here the invasion of 
black on the wpper surface has made greater progress, the scarlet 
band on the fore wings being narrowed and invariably broken 
up into several parts, and approaching carmine in colour, and 
there is a tendency, which in 8 specimens out of 7 is very strongly 
marked, for the white and lavender scales to spread soas to diffuse 
the edges of the white spots and to dust the black parts in patches 
with lighter scales. The blue at the anal angle of the hind wings, 
which is usually confined to one or two spots, in some of this class 
extends, but in a minute degree, and as lavender rather than blue, 
to nearly all the small black spots on the marginal scarlet band, 
and in two, but mostly so in the one figured (Fig. 5), there is on 
the extreme margin a row of minute blue or lilac spots alternating 
with minute marginal black spots on the fringe. On the under 
surface the tendency to spread is stronger, the metallic blue 
inverted U near the costa of the fore wings is scattered into a 
shapeless form, and the conspicuous “ figure of 8”’ spot on the 
costa of the hind wings becomes an elongaged whitish cloud, in 
two specimens extending along the whole of the costal margin; the 
other light parts of the hind wings are lighter and more spread. 
The light colouring of the hind margin forms a broad ochreous 
marginal band, and is in several cases divided by a submarginal, 
well-defined darker line parallel with the outer edge, this line 
being in one case of a deep or tawny orange hue; and the whole 
of the central area of the hind wings has a blurred or clouded 
effect, produced by a suffusion of lilac scales dusted over the 
surface. 
Those exposed to this low temperature (45°) for less than 45 
days, though their colouring is much affected by it, do not seem 
to have suffered in vigour, but most of those exposed to it for longer 
periods died or were crippled. 
Next, some experiments were tried by icing the pupe, %.e., 
placing them at a steady temperature of 33°. The result was un- 
certain. Little or no effect seems to have been produced on their 
colouring or markings by thus icing them for 47 days or less, and 
then exposing them to an ordinary summer temperature, though 
in many cases such icing caused death or crippling. I have one 
specimen iced 47 days, and then exposed to a temperature of 50° to 
60°, when it emerged in 23 days more, making in all 10 weeks, 
and it is not to be distinguished from normal specimens. Of two 
iced 46 days, and then placed at an average temperature of 54°, and 
emerging in 29 days more, making in all nearly 11 weeks, one has 
