62 Mr. F. Merrifield on effects of temperature 
comparatively uncoloured tips of the fore wings, they 
would be taken as belonging to different species. 
I may here make a general observation on the minute 
white spot on the scarlet band which has been the sub- 
ject of some discussion. About one in four of mine 
shows this spot or traces of it on the upper surface ; the 
whole of them—over 60 in number—show it or faint 
traces of it on the under surface. Its existence does not 
seem dependent on temperature. 
Hibernating stage of atalanta.—This species is well 
known to hibernate in the perfect condition, coming 
out in May or June, and then pairing and laying its 
eges on nettle, the larve being found through July and 
August, and the fresh butterflies from them appearing 
through the latter part of August and September, and 
being seen as late as October or even November, and 
then going into winter quarters. Mr. Scudder states 
that in the south of Hurope and in the southern part 
of the United States it has two or three broods, and that 
even in the northern States some pup of a second 
brood hibernate, and the butterflies emerging from 
them mingle with the butterflies which have hibernated. 
My experiments rather confirm the ordinary opinion 
that in England none hibernate as pupe, though I have 
no doubt many of the butterflies of the summer emer- 
gence pair and lay eggs, resulting in butterflies which 
emerge in the late summer or autumn and hibernate, 
for I have found young larve as late as 16th October, 
and I have now a pupa from one which did not pupate 
till 16th November. But of all the pupez which I sub- 
jected to a low temperature none have yet survived more 
than about 11 weeks. My last perfect specimens emerged 
26th and 27th November.* 
C. pHumas.—I have been for some time desirous of 
experimenting on this species, because it is known that, 
while not considered materially affected by the great 
difference in temperature between a summer and a winter 
in Central Europe, it is apparently affected by the some- 
what higher temperature of Southern Europe, the 
summer emergence having there a tendency to be suf- 
** Note of 3lst December. I subjected about thirty to winter 
conditions, some placed out of doors shortly after pupation; all 
these have died. 
