66 Mr. F. Merrifield on effects of temperature 
moths were from pupx at about 90°, emerging in from 4 to 5 days; 
22 at the temperature of the room, about 70°, emerging in from 
10 to 11 days; 17 in a cellar ata regular temperature of about 56°, 
emerging in 22 to 27 days; 18 in the refrigerator at a temperature 
averaging 45°, and emerging in from 57 to 70 days. In all the 
lots there was a preponderance, generally a large one, of females. 
There arenot many differences in appearance between those at 
90° and those at 70°, the chief ones being that those at the lower 
temperature are rather more sprinkled with dark scales, giving 
them the appearance of a slightly darker ground colour, and that 
all the markings are also slightly darker ; both generally show the 
“inner” line as well as the ‘‘central” and “outer” lines; and, 
in both, nearly every specimen, male and female, shows very con- 
spicuously the blotches usual with the summer emergence between 
the outer line and the margin; in those at 90° all but one are thus 
blotched, in those at 70° all but about 4. Coming to those brought 
out at 56°, there is a slight increase in the dark ground colour, the 
central line has become conspicuously darker, and the disappear- 
ance of the blotches has made further progress, only 7 or 8 indi- 
viduals out of 17 showing them. Passing on to those at 45°, the 
ground colour is again slightly darker, and the central line darker 
still, while the blotches have disappeared, leaving indeed very 
faint traces in about 3 out of 18. 
A large number were kept in ice at 33° for three months, and 
were then placed out of doors (being in cold weather brought in- 
doors), the temperature averaging about 54°, and the moths 
emerging in from 36 to 42 days more; these are very like those 
brought out at 56° without icing; only 4 out of 20 are blotched, 
and these but faintly. 
Of those iced at 33° for 3 months, 19, placed at 87°, emerged 
in from 5 to 7 days. These are remarkable for a near return 
in appearance to those which were never at a lower temperature 
than about 90°—in general lightness of colour, owing to the sparse- 
ness of dark sprinkling, and in the reappearance of the blotches, 
14 of the 19 being blotched, some conspicuously so. 
I may add that on the under sides most of these effects may be 
faintly traced. 
None seem to have suffered in any way from the temperature 
except those at 45°, nearly a quarter of which died or were crippled. 
To sum up. We have in H. punctaria a gradual 
disappearance of the submarginal blotches, increase of 
dark sprinkling, and intensification of the central line, 
as the temperature is lowered from 90° through 70°, 
