98 Dr. Chapman on some neglected points 
that the description of an interesting pupa may not be 
found wanting, as at present it constantly is, in just the 
most important particulars. 
The pupe of the great mass of Lepidoptera Hetero- 
cera are of one or other of two forms characterised by 
very distinct and decided characters; the exceptions 
are, in a few instances, amongst the Tineina: with 
regard to these, I require to obtain more material and 
devote more study to them before venturing to say 
whether they are aberrant forms of either of the two 
principal divisions, whether they include perchance 
connecting forms, or whether they represent other and 
distinct divisions of equal importance (except in numbers) 
with the two principal divisions ; but I think it probable 
that instances of each of these cases present themselves. 
One thing is certain, that they prove—already perhaps 
sufficiently evident—that the Tineina, instead of being 
a homogeneous group like the Geometre or the Tortricina, 
contains groups of equal importance, for classificatory 
purposes, with them, and is in fact a mere heading for 
a number of very different groups of unclassified 
affinities, agreeing only in consisting of individuals of 
small size. 
Before describing in detail these two forms of pupa, 
I may make the way clearer by first directing attention 
to what I have called the ‘‘ free sezments,’—that is to 
say, the segments of the pupa that preserve freedom of 
movement. It would, perhaps, be more accurate to 
describe incisions where movement is preserved. Thus 
in a Noctua pupa we find movement exists between the 
fourth and fifth, between the fifth and sixth, and between 
the sixth and seventh, abdominal segments ; but such 
description is more cumbrous, and therefore more incon- 
venient, than to say simply that the fifth and sixth 
abdominal segments are ‘‘ free,’—that is, preserve free- 
dom of movement with the segments adjacent to them 
on both sides, and one has not to revert to the more 
accurate but more circumlocutory expression, except 
when movement remains in one incision only (as in 
Cenonympha pamphilus) when there is no “free 
segment,” and the incision at which movement remains 
has to be stated. 
I have not dealt with the butterflies, which require to 
be treated separately from the moths in this matter, as 
