in the pupe of Heterocerous Lepidoptera. 99 
their variations in free segments and correlated matters 
do not come into line with the moths at all. My 
observations on them have, indeed, been too scanty to 
do more than show that this is so. I can only say that, 
in a few species at least, one finds in Lycenide no 
movement, in Satyride one incision with movement, in 
Pieride and Erycinide one free segment, in Nymphalide 
and Papilionide two free segments. 
With the exception, then, of two or three small groups 
in the Tineina (so far as my observations extend), the 
Heterocera fall, in the matter of ‘‘ free segments,’’ into 
the two great classes I have mentioned,—viz., 1st, those 
in which the free segments are the fifth and sixth abdo- 
minal, and only these, in both sexes; 2nd, those in 
which the seventh abdominal segment is free in the 
male, fixed in the female. 
The first group is remarkably uniform in this, and in 
certain correlated characters throughout; whilst the 
second presents, along with some very fixed correlated 
characters, considerable variations in various directions, 
especially in the number of forward abdominal segments 
which are free. 
These two forms of pupa present other and remark- 
able points of difference from each other ; many of these 
other characters may be grouped together, as associated 
with definite differences of structure. The pupa with 
seoments 5 and 6 only, free in both sexes, is that we are 
most familiar with, say amongst the Noctue. Such a 
pupa presents a hard, strong, chitinous exterior. When 
the larval skin is cast, the appendages, legs, wings, &c., 
fall into their places, and he together so as to form a 
smooth exterior, which becomes hard and solid, whilst 
the surfaces that are hidden by being applied against 
each other have but a delicate pupal skin, represented, 
when the moth emerges, by a few flimsy shreds, whose 
previous position is almost impossible to determine, so 
that the empty pupa-case consists almost entirely of that 
portion which formed the outer covering. Such a pupa 
has been named ‘ obtected,” and was the pupa in view 
when the pupa of Lepidoptera was so described. 
The pupa with the seventh abdominal segment free in 
the male, on the other hand, presents characters that 
bring it into line with those of bees and beetles. It is, 
toa great extent, “ incomplete,” 
H 2 
