100 Dr. Chapman on some neglected points 
These two divisions agree so far with the division into 
Macros and Micros that one might almost be satisfied 
with those names for the pupe and the groups they 
characterise, and I have learned to so regard them so 
far as to often use these names. There are, however, 
sufficient exceptions to make it desirable perhaps to have 
another name, and I will use those just suggested as 
being most descriptive. The first form of pupa (Macro) 
I will call ‘‘ obtected,” and the group which presents it 
“ Obtecte”? (Macros); the other pupa ‘‘ incomplete,” 
more strictly semi-incomplete, and the group of moths 
presenting it ‘‘ Incomplete’ (Micros). 
The semi-incomplete pupa is of course familiar to 
every lepidopterist, but I believe little notice has been 
given to its peculiarities beyond noticing its motility and 
the dorsal spines that facilitate its movements, and 
especially it has been regarded, in each family where it 
occurs, as a special variation from some allied obtected 
form, whereas the truth appears to be that, wherever it 
occurs, it presents certain characters that show that its 
possessors belong to a separate division from the 
Obtecte,—that it is probably a lower form, although 
many families of the Incomplete have, in different 
directions, acquired higher characters than many of the 
Obtecte have; such as the Zygenide in one direction, 
the Pterophoride in another, and the Lithocolletide in a 
third. Of these characters, none is more constant or 
more interesting—not only in itself, but in having, so 
far as Iam able to point out, no necessary connection 
with the incomplete type—than the freedom of the 
seventh segment in the male; nor am I aware that 
attention to it has hitherto been directed. 
In the pupa of the Incomplete (Micros) the exposed 
surface is often perhaps less solid than in the Obtecte, 
but at any rate the pupal skin of covered surfaces is 
much stronger than in them, and on emergence of the 
imago hangs together, so that the nature of each portion 
is rarely ditticult to determine, and some portions, as in 
Tortrices for instance, the inner wing-coverings, the 
portions of segments 2 and 3 (abdominal) covered by 
the wings and their intersegmental membranes, are only 
a little less firm than the coverings that are fully exposed. 
We here want a term to describe the process of breaking 
up of the pupa-case on the emergence of the moth, and 
