102 Dr. Chapman on some neglected points 
to their own proper segments, so that the empty pupa- 
case affords very often more information, as to the true 
relations of its several parts than the living pupa does. 
Another aspect of this same peculiarity presents a 
feature in the dehiscence in which the Macro and Micro 
pupe often markedly differ. An empty Macro pupa 
shows at once that the fifth and sixth abdominal seg- 
ments were free, and no others; but an empty Micro 
pupa leaves much doubt as to which were free segments, 
because at many places, where no movement was allowed 
in the pupa, movement has taken place in dehiscence. 
Thus in Tortrices, where the free segments are four, five, 
and six (and seven in male), on dehiscence it would 
appear as if the wings were partially free from seg- 
ments 2 and 8 (of abdomen), and as if these segments 
were free. 
If an empty Micro pupa be examined,—and for this 
purpose Cossus and Sesia are most convenient, from 
their large size,—the cover of any appendage is found 
to be nearly perfect ; the antenne-case, for instance, is 
a tube with an opening on the inner surface close up to 
the head, through which the antenna has been with- 
drawn: in a Macro pupa it is a plate only, the inner 
side of the tube may or may not present just a discover- 
able shred of membrane. 
Here an interesting observation presents itself by the 
way. ‘The eyes of nearly all lepidopterous pupx have 
an outer portion cut off by a sharp line from the upper 
and inner portion; and usually this outer portion is 
smooth and glassy, whilst the inner is rough, or at least 
similar to the rest of the pupa. Scudder (‘ Butterflies 
of New England,’ p. 1554) has a short excursus on this 
subject, and regards this glazed eye as a remains of an 
ancestral pupal eye, and says it occupies the position of 
the line of larval ocelli. Now the dehiscence of the 
Micro pupa exhibits this piece as having no connection 
whatever with the head or eyes, but as belonging to the 
prothoracic segment. At any rate, what may be 
observed is this :—The antenne-cases are removed from 
the groove in which they lie, the first portion of which 
is across the prothorax; the pupa-cover of the prothorax 
is continuous under this groove, and terminates in front 
in this glazed eye, which separates completely from the 
head (including true eyes), legs, &c., and forms a tip to 
