species uf Pulvinaria from Jamaica. 163 
attacked by parasites and predaceous enemies. ‘I'he 
original, flat, unprotected type has been preserved in 
forms which are now viviparous ; it has diverged on the 
one hand into Pulvinaria, which protects its eggs by a 
cottony ovisac; on the other into Bernardia, which has 
a hard scale firmly fixed down to the plant. And, as if 
this were not enough, Bernardia has given rise to Cero- 
plastes, in which the scale is covered with wax. 
Ceroplastes 
(with waxy covering). 
Pulvinaria Lecanium Bernardia, and allied 
(soft, flat, with cot- (soft, flat, vivi- groups (hard, convex, ovi- 
tony ovisac). parous). parous). 
Lecanium, ancestral type 
(soft, flat, oviparous). 
It follows from this view of the relationship that the 
tribe Pulvinariini, given in Mr. Ashmead’s ‘ Generic 
Synopsis of the Coccide,’ has no standing. 
