256 Dr. T. A. Chapman on a lepidopterous 
remains, that active and powerful as they are, there are 
no visible means of working them, as they are pupal 
structures, used only immediately before the emergence 
of the imago, and have no corresponding imaginal parts 
attached to them. Yet all this may be easily observed 
by anyone who will get the necessary material,—by no 
means difficult to do,—and take the trouble to watch it 
from 6 to 7 a.m. 
The pupa has all its appendages apparently quite 
separate and unfused together in any way, and the 
abdomen is thus not only unattached to legs and wings, 
but preserves freedom of movement in all its segments. 
The head and thoracic segments are equally free to 
move on each other, and do so, especially the head, 
during emergence. Yet, when the pupa is quiescent, 
i.€., removed from its cocoon some time before emer- 
gence, it does not move these segments when irritated, 
but only the abdominal ones. 
The toughness and density of the cocoon, and the 
great delicacy of the pupal skin, are remarkable, and 
probably bear such a relationship to each other that 
the one may be said to compensate for the other. The 
only portions of the pupa-skin at all solid are the labrum 
(Stainton’s brown knob), which carries six long hairs on 
either side, and the jaws and an oval hoop, to which 
they are articulated. 
The front of the head carries two long hairs on either 
side (the antenna-basal hairs that occur throughout so 
large (all?) a number of Heterocerous pupe). The 
antenne cross the prothorax in a free loop, and pass 
downwards into the usual position between the wings 
and legs, but being quite unfixed or fixed by mere con- 
tact, and not by fusion of surface even in the slightest 
degree, it happens (as Stainton found in his specimens) 
that one or both antenna have not unfrequently a posi- 
tion on the wing or over the legs. 
The brown knob or labrum, with its six long bristles 
on either side, is a large solid piece, containing no ima- 
ginal structure, but doubtless serving by its hairs as a 
tactile organ during the exit of the pupa, and by its 
solidity assisting the action of the jaws, probably both 
as a solid base to act from and as attaching the parts to 
the imago. Beneath these are the jaws, great curved 
organs, proceeding first directly forwards, then by a 
