pupa with functionally active mandibles. 257 
sweep of a quarter of a circle becoming directed to the 
other side, and, crossing the jaw of the other side, pro- 
ceeding transversely till the extremity projects rather 
beyond the margin of the opposite side of the pupa; 
the shaft is enlarged at either end, proximally with 
three projections or knobs for articulation ; at the other 
end into a large truncate knob, the margins of whose 
flat extremity are armed with three or four large teeth, 
and many smaller ones, reminding one in appearance, 
as they certainly resemble in function, the fore paws of 
a Gryllotalpa or Cicada pupa. The inner margin of the 
shaft is armed by a row of nine or ten teeth, flat, sharp, 
and leaflet-like. 
The maxille are very inconspicuous, but carry the 
very large maxillary palpi, which pass directly outwards 
transversely to the margin of the pupa, and then return 
to the centre line, the returning portion ventral, and 
perhaps a little posterior to the outward half. It ap- 
pears to be quite free throughout its length, but is not 
moved during pupal existence. The position is the same 
as in Heterocerous pupe that possess it, but in them it 
is closed in by the neighbouring parts, except the front 
of the terminal segments. 
The labial palpi are large organs, passing forwards 
when the head is raised at an angle to each other of 
70° or 80°, and reaching quite in front of the jaws (when 
closed), and used apparently as tactile agents during 
emergence; but that they actually possess any freedom 
of movement of their own, I am not inclined to believe. 
The legs and wings lie in much the usual positions 
that these parts occupy in other pupe, but with the less 
definiteness due to the fact that they are not fused 
together, and any of them may be lifted away from the 
others, though the insect itself is unable to do so, except 
during emergence, when certain distortions, due to the 
partial withdrawal of the parts, occur. 
The side of each abdominal segment has a long hair, 
nearly as long as the diameter of the pupa, and there 
are shorter ones dorsally. 
When the pupa is ready for emergence, the head of 
the imago, the chitinous plates of the thorax, and the 
legs and wings, become black. The plates of the abdo- 
men remain nearly colourless, as do the membranes be- 
tween the thoracic plates. It is worthy of note that the 
