pupa with functionally active mandibles. 259 
damp sand. The first thing to be seen was some move- 
ment at one end of the little cocoon, and on picking it 
out and observing it through a glass, though they are 
not so small as to prevent a good deal being seen without 
artificial aid, there is observed to be a rather ragged 
hole in the end of the cocoon, and the jaws of the pupa 
are seen actively opening and closing; by the time the 
cocoon is spotted and taken out, the opening of the 
cocoon is practically finished, and the head of the pupa 
very shortly emerges. The pupa now rests a little, and 
then again elevates the head and works the jaws, the 
object being in all probability one that is, under the 
circumstances, unnecessary, viz., to make its way through 
the earth above the cocoon. In raising the head the 
face is lifted right away from the front of the pupa, and 
is directed very much forward, and moves from side to 
side with both an angular and rotatory movement, and 
seems indeed to be as free to move as the head of a 
Carabus or an earwig ; the jaws work to and fro, opening 
till they can pass each other and shutting again, some- 
times with the right one in front of the left, sometimes 
with the left in front. The maxillary palpi lie just 
behind them, folded back closely, quite inert, in the 
ordinary position they occupy in the “‘incomplete”’ pupa ; 
but the labial palpi are strongly porrected, and perhaps 
move to some extent, and seem at least to be in active 
use, no doubt to guide the action of the jaws in some 
degree. The long hairs of the vertex and labrum are 
also, no doubt, of much use for this purpose. 
Following, or rather along with, this action of the 
head and jaws, the pupa further protrudes from the 
cocoon, the next stage setting free the prothoracic or 
first pair of legs, that is, the pupa is half out of the 
cocoon and the first pair of legs are clear of it to their 
extremities, and it is now seen that they are not adherent 
to any other part of the pupa; the prothorax, with its 
legs, being freely movable on the head at one side, and 
on the mesothorax on the other, but the legs are fixed 
in their own cases, in the flexed attitude common to 
pupal legs, and do not move either in their own joints 
or on the prothorax. It results, that the stiff and im- 
prisoned legs, in some of the movements, are raised to 
an angle of 90° from their position of pupal rest, and 
instead of resting down against the other appendages, 
