260 Dr. T. A. Chapman on a lepidopterous 
are pointed directly forwards. In the movements of the 
head it is now seen that the antenne form a great free 
loop across the prothorax, and are indeed but slightly 
attached to the wings, and some become free there also, 
forming no impediment whatever to the movements of 
the head. In different individuals there is a variety as 
to whether the pupa shall rest here for its further emer- 
gence, a few doing so; a further, rather larger, number 
progress a little more, and emerge with a few abdominal 
segments still within the cocoon, but the majority free 
themselves entirely from the cocoon before progressing 
any more. Still, the movement by which they leave the 
cocoon is much the same in character, if not, indeed, 
the actual exertion, by which the moth emerges from the 
pupa-case, which up to the present is unbroken. At 
this point again a rest is often taken, the rests corre- 
sponding, no doubt, with the emergence of the pupa, 
first from its cocoon, and secondly from the overlying 
earth. : 
The pupa is now, in most instances, in full view, and 
one recognises at once that the movements that are now 
taking place, and those we have so far been watching, 
are very unlike those we are used to in seeing a moth or 
butterfly emerge from the pupa, not so much in them- 
selves as in the participation in them of the pupal skin, 
and resemble much more the moulting of a larval skin, 
the pupal skin partaking of the movement of the con- 
tained moth as the larval skin does, and even the 2nd 
and 3rd thoracic segments bearing the wings have a 
certain amount of movement on each other. The pro- 
thoracic pupal skin becomes widely stretched as the 
movements of the moth forces a larger bulk into the 
head, and the first legs show the front of the pupa to be 
stretched, and they take up the porrected attitude already 
described. In the meantime the abdomen has been pro- 
gressing in its pupal skin, which is here very flimsy, the 
trachez are seen drawn out of the spiracles, and passing 
forwards from the spiracles of the pupal skin to those 
of the moth, and a portion of pupal skin is empty and 
shrivelled at the anal extremity. 
The pupal skin now splits down the back of the thorax, 
sundry long thoracic hairs protruding. LExcept the 
head, wings, legs, and some thoracic plates, the moth is 
still white and colourless, and the hairs clothing the 
