pupa with functionally active mandibles. 261 
abdomen, though dark, seem very sparse. The splitting 
of the pupa allows the head and 1st thoracic segment 
very shortly to assume a more normal attitude, but 
during this period the prothorax of the moth is stretched 
so as to show its still very larval structure, viz., it is 
largely white, colourless membrane, the spiracle with 
the trachez drawing out of it is very distinct, close to 
this is a not much larger rounded tubercle (supra spira- 
cular ?), carrying a bundle of long hairs, and dorsally a 
narrow plate (as usual on larve), also carrying long 
hairs. 
The splitting of the pupa-case takes place along the 
dorsum of the 1st and 2nd thoracic segments, and slightly 
encroaches on the head; it does not, however, affect the 
3rd thoracic segment, nor apparently does any lateral 
branching of the opening occur. ‘The curious sausage- 
like rolls of the 8rd and 4th (1st abdominal) thoracic 
seoments lie flattened and empty, as does also the 
curious wattle of similar structure that projects over the 
face. My first idea of the use of these, that they formed 
a sort of elastic cushion or base, by which the pressure 
necessary to open the cocoon was conveyed, protecting 
the moth to some extent from it, seems therefore to be 
unfounded. As soon as the real emergence of the moth 
from the pupa begins, and the first indication of this 
is the sliding of the abdominal pupal pellicle backwards, 
all movement of the jaws ceases. 
The emergence of the moth takes place by the usual 
vermicular movements. When it has partially occurred 
the legs, being actually quite free from each other, look 
curiously dislocated, the pupal legs (or rather leg-cases) 
being displaced by the partially extracted imaginal legs. 
The expansion of the wings takes place part passu with 
the emergence, and it often happens that the wings are 
fully expanded, except their extreme tips, whilst these 
tips are still included in the pupal wing-cases ; and 
whilst it seems to be normal for the wings to be freed 
before the abdomen completely escapes from the pupa, 
it often happens that the abdomen is first free, and is 
then curled round and used to shove off the pupal case 
from the wings. As soon as the moth is free from the 
pupal skin, the wings are practically fully expanded, but 
the moth crawls to a position suitable for hanging its 
wings backwards, as moths do as soon as the wings 
