Guiv 2 
in the Structure of the Pupa of Heterocerous Lepidoptera and 
their Probable Value in Classification.”” He stated that the 
paper was in the main a preliminary one, and he should not 
give any detailed descriptions of pups of individual species, 
nor indeed descriptions of pupe at all, except as to the 
general features characteristic of some more important 
families, and genera. Dy. Chapman pointed out that the 
pupe of Lepidoptera-Heterocera belonged, with some ex- 
ceptions, to one or other of two great groups, with very 
definite and very distinct characters. One group was cha- 
racterised by a rounded, smooth, hard pupa, with the 
appendages firmly soldered together, and not separating on 
‘‘dehiscence”’ so as to demonstrate their nature more than in 
the living pupa, the inner casings of parts being very slight 
and flimsy, the head and antenne coverings never together 
in one piece, unless held so by continuity with other parts, 
and the only ‘‘free’’ segments in all species and both 
sexes being the 5th and 6th abdominal segments. One 
ereat division of them was the Macros, distinguishable by 
their adult larve having hooks on the inner margins only of 
the ventral prolegs, and fitted for existence as external feeders. 
In the other division or divisions (Pyraloids) the larve 
though rarely if ever miners, were fitted for a concealed 
existence and always possessed sixteen legs, and the ventral 
prolegs were always armed with a complete circle of hooklets. 
The other great group had a pupa which was semi-incomplete ; 
the appendages were less firmly soldered to the rest of the 
pupa, were often partially separate, their covered casings were 
firmer and persisted in their place on dehiscence, and the head 
and antenna coverings were almost always separated from 
the rest of the pupa, but remained attached together; the 
pupa was active and mobile, and emerged from its case or 
cocoon for the escape of the moth. Not only the 5th and 
6th abdominal segments were free, but often also the 8rd and 
4th, and the 7th was always free in the male, and fixed 
in the female. Sundry families of this latter group were 
at present mixed up with the Macros, and the view he 
entertained was that their pupal peculiarities were isolated 
variations from allied obtected forms; but Dr. Chapman 
