Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 253 
the third is but faintly visible in the female, and in the 
male not visible at all. These three spots are all that 
can be seen in ordinary specimens of G. brassicx, rape, 
and napi ; but in some specimens of G. napi, and less 
distinctly in some of G. rapx, the series is continued 
towards the anterior border of the wing by a fourth spot 
placed just behind the junction of the third and fourth 
subcostal nervules, and traversed by the first discoidal. 
The spots that have now been referred to can be seen in a 
very well-marked form in G. gliciria. 
These indications of a submarginal series of black 
markings become more pronounced in Synchloe daplidice. 
Here, in the female, a submarginal row exists in easily 
recognisable form, three of the constituent spots of 
which are clearly homologous with those already des- 
cribed in G. napi, rape, and brassice (Fig. 15). 
In this region of the wing nearly every interspace be- 
tween nervules contains a spot; the spots tending to 
become confluent, especially towards the costal margin. 
There is generally no spot between the first and second 
median nervules, and often none between the submedian 
nervure and the inner margin of the wing. In the male, 
the anterior portion of the series is distinct enough, the 
large spot, however, between the submedian nervure and 
first median nervule is absent from the upper surface, 
though regularly present beneath. The female S. daplidice 
also shows a continuation of the same series on the 
hindwing, well-marked at the costa, but usually becoming 
less plain as the anal angle is approached. In the male 
SS. daplidice, one term of the series is generally all that is 
present in the hindwing; and turning back to G. brassice, 
rape, and napi, we find the same spot invariably 
present on the upper, and often on the lower surface of 
the costa in the hindwing of both sexes (Figs. 15, 16, 
S 14—18). 
Other species of the genus Synchloe present the same 
submarginal series in greater completeness. S. callidice? , 
for instance, has the whole series well developed on the 
forewing, and in most specimens on the hindwing also. 
A comparison with S. daplidice will show that the series 
is really homologous in the two cases, and will, moreover, 
demonstrate that in S. callidice the smallest spot of the 
series belongs to the interspace between the first and 
second median nervules, which in S. daplidice is usually 
