Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 265 
to the males. Most species show a strong tendency for 
the spots 8 8 and M 8—9, and, in a less degree, 8 10 
and M 10—11, to become fused with one another by the 
obliteration of the separating patches of pale ground 
colour. ‘The individual members of series M are usually 
more distinct from one another on the hind than on the 
forewing. Not infrequently they are fused into a com- 
plete band in both. On the lower surface M is in this 
genus rarely if ever visible; thus offermg a strong con- 
trast to 8. 
In Meganostoma the fusion of M with S is usually 
complete on the forewing; the females, however, of some 
species show traces of a separation; a few patches of the 
yellow ground-colour, like those in the females of many 
species of Colias, appearing in the midst of the dark 
border. In some forms, as M. philippa 9, these light 
patches become much enlarged, and the two series S and 
M are as distinct from one another as in any species of 
Colias. M. cesonia usually shows the spots well on the 
upper surface of the hindwing; and in most species of 
this genus, M is often visible beneath as a row of minute 
pinkish dots on the terminations of the nervules at the 
margin. 
In Gonepteryx, Rhodocera, Amynthia, and Dercas, the 
series is not as a rule strongly developed. G. rhamni 
usually shows on both surfaces a row of marginal dots, 
dark red or brown above and pinker beneath, at the 
outer extremities of the nervules, which are undoubtedly 
relics of M. These are best marked at the tip of tho 
forewing, where they often tend to run into a thin con- 
tinuous marginal line, and are generally more apparent 
in the female. The apical band is more strongly accen- 
tuated in Rhodocera leachiana, especially in the female, 
in which sex also M is often found on the hindwing in a 
fairly developed condition. ‘Traces only of the series are 
visible in the species of Amynthia; but in Dercas M is 
reinforced by the anterior portion of §S, and helps with it 
to form a conspicuous dark area at the region of 
the tip. 
The condition of M in Hebomoia needs no special 
remark, except that on the under surface its separate 
existence appears to be sacrificed to the exigencies of 
the protective pattern. 
In Callidryas, Metura, Phebis, Aphrissa, and Catop- 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PaRT II, (JUNE.) S 
