Phylogeny of the Pierine. 315 
ancestry. The retention of the pink patch on the under- 
side of the hindwing, and (in several species) of the pink 
fringe, brings them near to Colias; to which they also 
approximate by the form of the antennz, by the very 
general occurrence of special patches of raised scales on 
the hindwing of the males, by the frequent presence, 
especially in the females, of the series S and M and the 
discoidal spots in a more developed condition than that 
characteristic of Gonepteryz, and by the common 
tendency of the latter spots on the lower surface towards 
ocellation. The oldest forms of the whole group appear 
to be those contained in the genus Catopsilia. C. florella, 
for example, is very closely related to Gonepteryx, and 
still more nearly to Amynthia, with which it corresponds 
in colour and in texture of wings (compare especially 
the undersides of C. florella ¢ and A. clorinde). The 
peculiar thickening of the nervures, especially the sub- 
costal and median, on the under surface of the hindwing, 
which in Gonepterya and Amynthia give almost the 
effect of a folding of the surface, is plainly visible in 
C. florella. In neuration, C. jflorella agrees minutely 
with A. clorinde. Another indication of the superior 
antiquity of the Hastern Catopsilia as compared with the 
Western Callidryas is found in the shape of the pupa. 
This in Catopsilia (as remarked by Mr. Trimen, op. cit., 
vol. ii1., p. 184) is only moderately acuminate and slightly 
recurved, thus showing no very great departure from 
the Colias and Gonepteryx form ; in Callidryas, however, 
so far as is known, it is always very sharply acuminate 
and strongly recurved, showing an exaggeration of the 
“poat-shaped”’ condition almost as marked, in a differ- 
ent way, as that of Huchloe.* The Colias-hke pink 
edging appears also to be found more frequently in 
Catopsilia than in Callidryas (though it occurs in Calli- 
dryas senne) ; and while the Colias-like spot at the root 
of the cell on the underside of the hindwing occurs in 
both the Eastern and the Western divisions of the 
group, it has in the latter lost the ancestral pink tinge 
*T agree with Mr. Butler that the pupa figured in Lep. 
Exot., pl. xlv., fig. 4a, as P. agarithe is very probably that of 
C. philea. It closely resembles a pupa of C. ewbule in the Hope 
Collection, which last exactly corresponds with Burmeister’s figure 
in the “ Atlas de la Description Physique de la Rép. Argent.,” 
1880, pl. v, fig. 2. 
