on Vanessa and other Lepidoptera. 433 
The following is a description of the treatment to 
which the pupe were subjected, and of its results :— 
A considerable number of pup were placed at a temperature of 
about 100°, at which nearly all died, after progressing so far as to 
show their imaginal colouriug. I then lowered the temperature to 
about 90°-95°, with the result that the great majority of them 
show these markings, the scales being scarlet instead of dull orange, 
and in several cases being so increased in quantity as to form a 
scarlet clouding sufficient to attract attention when the insect is 
held at arm’s length and more. These scarlet scales follow the 
nervure which separates the second from the third of the row of 
white spots above referred to; they are not on the nervure, but on 
each side of it, and in some cases extend to the nervure next below, 
and have a tendency to form a scattered ring round the third of the 
white spots. These scarlet scales are also to be found on the costa, 
extending in some cases from the beginning of the large white 
costal patch almost to the apex of the wing (an ochreous colouring 
in this region is to be observed in captured specimens). Asso- 
ciated with these markings is an increase of the brightness and 
warmth of the golden-brown colouring of the costa and nervures 
in the basal part of the wing ; in some crippled specimens this 
golden-brown is very vivid, and makes some approach in hue 
towards the scarlet band across the wing ; in some of these also a 
patch of the scarlet scales is to be found between the middle of the 
scarlet band and the large white costal spot. 
In my paper on the experiments of 1892, I mentioned that on 
the underside of two out of ten specimens at from 80° to 90°, a 
new small scarlet spot appeared between the scarlet band across the 
forewings and the inner edge. In only six individuals out of those 
subjected to a high temperature in 1893 do I find scarlet in this 
region. I find it occurs in two places, both below the median 
nervure, viz., (a) just before it forks, (4) a little below the lower 
branch of the same nervure. One specimen (No. 4) shows both 
(a) and (b); three (Nos. 21, 39, and 49) show (a) only, and 
two of them but slightly; and two (Nos. 48 and 188) show 
(b) only. 
The scarlet scales on the upper side are found in the great 
majority of those (about thirty) that were subjected to a tempe- 
rature of 90°, or upwards, during their whole pupal period, and in 
three out of thirty-three that were subjected to 80°-100° during 
the earlier part of their pupal period ; they are not found in any 
of the forty or so that were subjected to lower temperatures. The 
