( tix) 
Of the Nymphalina, Argynnis is the largest, most wide- 
ranging, and characteristic genus of this region, occurring in 
every part of it. It has, like Colias, developed some outlying 
species which are somewhat aberrant, namely, 4. hanningtont 
in East Africa; A. niphe in India, Australia, and Java; and 
three or four species in extra-tropical South America. It 
does not, however, like Colias, extend to South Africa. 
Melitea, though it occurs in every part of the region, is 
more characteristic of Europe and Asia, most of the American 
species being somewhat aberrant. 
Timelaa is confined to North and West China, where there are 
one or two species only. 
Araschnia is found from Western Europe to Eastern Asia 
and J apan, but not in America; it is hardly characteristic of 
any particular sub-region. 
Grapta, which is perhaps only a section of the cosmopolitan 
genus Vanessa, is found throughout the region, and extends to 
the Indo-Malayan region and Mexico in isolated cases. 
Limenitis is characteristic of the whole region in a minor 
degree, but it is also well-represented in the Himalo-Chinese 
sub-region, and on this account should perhaps be excluded. 
Of the Satyrinz, Pararge is not a very homogeneous genus, 
but its more typical species are widely spread, not, however, 
extending to North America. 
Canonympha is very widespread and characteristic of every 
part of the region, except the Eastern States of North 
America, where it is absent, though everywhere present in 
the North Western States and California. 
Erebia is a very dominant and wide-ranging genus, specially 
_ characteristic of Alpine and Arctic regions. There is no 
true Erebia outside the region, but two doubtfully congeneric 
species are found in the mountains of New Zealand. 
' Satyrus is a very well developed and characteristic genus 
of the Eurasian sub-region, but is scarce or absent in the 
North American and East Temperate. 
Epinephele has almost the same distribution as Satyrus, 
but is absolutely wanting in North America. 
Melanargia is a very well marked and peculiar genus, 
characteristic of the Eurasian sub-region ; one or two species 
