] 34 Dr. T. A. Chapman^s notes on PujJX, 



first four abdominal segments fixed, retaining- the normal 

 armature and method of dehiscence of micros ; they have 

 the large head-piece characteristic of this series. They 

 have also lost the maxillary palpi, so that they are not 

 in the direct line to the Pyraloids and must be regarded 

 as occupying a terminal position in that branch of the 

 series to which they belong — and probably came from 

 Adelids by way of Tischeria, missing Tinea. 



One more immediate object in this paper has reference 

 to the degree of relationship, or want of it, existing 

 between Orneodes and Ptevoplwrus. Chrysocorys also 

 has long been associated with Fferopliorus in our list, and 

 as Orneodes and Chrysocorys both belong to this series 

 with large head plates, it is necessary to refer to it 

 thus in some detail. I have associated with them the 

 genus (family) Epermenia, as it occupies a somewhat 

 critical position in the series. 



It is remarkable that the pupa with the free seventh 

 segment of the male has so universally the habit of 

 emerging from the cocoon. Pterophorus was for a long 

 time the only exception I knew of. But Epermenia forms 

 another. Since it may very naturally be supposed that I 

 regard this unusual coincidence as evidence of alliance, I 

 hasten at once to say that I think it has no such signifi- 

 cance. The fact is that the habit and the structure 

 appear to have always been lost together, except in the 

 case of Pterophorus (and again in Hepialus, which is the 

 reverse case) ; and the wonder is that there should not 

 be more instances than that of Epermenia, in which we, 

 as it were, surprise the change actually occurring, and 

 find that the habit does cease a fractional time before the 

 structure. 



If we suppose Epermenia, which preserves the maxillary 

 palpus, to lose the freedom of the male seventh segment, 

 we have in essentials the pupa of these families, which I 

 group together as Pyraloids, viz., Elachista, Laverna, 

 Asyc/ina, Plutella, ArgyrestJiia, Yponymeuta, and some 

 others. Pyrales differ little from these except in the 

 much diminished size of the dorsal head-plate and, in the 

 higher genera, in the appendages not projecting beyond 

 the fourth abdominal segment. Still I have not yet quite 

 satisfied myself that the Pyrales are really a continuation 

 of this series. 



Orneodes diflfers from Epermenia in losing the mobility 



