340 Mr. A. Radcliffe Grote on the Changes in the 
In a vertical arrangement the latter stand lower than 
the Pieridee and Nymphalidz when compared as to 
the primary wing by the same standards. As to the 
secondary the whole group stands higher. : 
Fam. Pinrip®. Specialization is evidenced both in the 
absorption of the radial veins and in the disintegration 
of the cell in the higher groups. In the Leptidiinz the 
middle median vein, which has taken elsewhere a radial 
position, becomes cubital on the secondaries and offers an 
analogy with Papilio. I consider two subfamilies only to 
occur in the European fauna. 
Fam. Nympuatip® ‘The radius remains in a generalized 
condition, comparable with that of Papilio ; veins iiiy and 
ill; vary in the extent of the absorption and both reach 
the outer margin, as in Papilio, but nearer the apex ; 
this position may be brought about by the breaking up 
of the median series and the assimilation of the two 
upper branches with the radius. 
Fam. AcapeTin® (= Satyride, auet.). More gene- 
ralized than the Nymphalide but running parallel with 
the less specialized groups of the latter; the radius is 
also 5-veined, but vein i, attains the costa as in the 
Pieridze and Libytheidee. 
Fam. Lisyraeipx. This agrees with the specialized 
groups of the Nymphalidz and Agapetidz in that vein ii. 
of the secondaries is absorbed by the radius up to the 
point of issue of the rudimentary vein i. The family 
shows generalization in the median position occupied by 
vein iv, on the primaries. The abbreviated vein viii. 
of the primaries, which in the Pieride appears often 
as a scar, but sometimes (Colias rhamni, &c.) seems 
to present the character of a true vein, is strongly 
marked. The cross-vein of the secondaries joins the 
cubitus very nearly at the point of issue of vein ivs, thus 
agreeing with the more specialized Agapetide (Parar- 
ginz) and the Nymphalide. 
Fam. Nemeosip#. ‘The venation is not of the type 
found in the Riodinidz and Lycznide, but corresponds 
essentially with that of the Pieride and Libytheide. 
Fam. Lycamnipm. The position of vein iv, remains 
median, and the degeneration of the cross-vein has left it 
isolated. The radius is specialized through the absorp- 
tion of vein ili3 44, which in the Theclinz entirely disap- 
pears in lll;; vein vill. reappears as a scar. 
