(Sac) ) 
of the ordinary summer type. Seven others cooled: at about 
52° F. for from five to six weeks, and then at normal out- 
door temperature, where they were from five to eight weeks 
before emerging, were all of the spring form bellidice. A Colias 
edusa pupa cooled for four weeks had the ordinary markings 
ill-defined and the black discal spot much reduced. Of two 
Melitea didyma forced at 94° F. and emerging in five to six 
days, one a male, was abnormally fiery in colour, and two 
that were cooled at about 51° F. for four weeks, had a great 
extension of the black markings on the undersides of the 
hindwings. Some Saturnia carpini, from North Italy, 
forced in the late winter and early spring were much paler, 
ruddier, and less richly marked than those kept out of doors. 
A number of fresh pup and larve of Vanessa urtice@, var. 
polaris, from Lapland, kindly brought by Dr. Chapman and 
Mr. W. E. Nicholson, were subjected to the usual different 
temperatures, from about 102° F. to 34° F., and exhibited 
a wide range of effects, but not so wide as those from Central 
Kurope. 8S. carpint is interesting as one of the few winter 
pup which have been found to be affected. The others 
previously recorded by him were Drepana falcataria, the 
three Selenias found in England, and Zonosoma punctaria. 
Mr. Merrifield had not found time to work out all his results, 
but he thought the changes produced by temperature were 
mainly of three kinds, viz.: (1) General change, often 
striking, in the colouring, without material alteration in 
the pattern or form of the markings, but often with much 
enhancement or diminution in their intensity; (2) change 
caused by the substitution cf scales of a different colour, 
either singly and generally distributed so as to be scattered, 
or so grouped as to cause a material change in pattern ; 
(3) change in general appearance, caused by imperfection 
in the development of scales or of their pigment. No. 1 
seemed a direct effect of temperature not affecting vigorous 
development. Under No. 2 were to be ranged the most 
radical changes in pattern (as in the extreme case of 
Araschnia levana-prorsa, which had been explained on the 
theory of reversion to an earlier form). In No 38 the wings 
were often somewhat reduced in size, the scales were scanty, 
