76 Dr. T. A. Chapman's Notes on 



out opening, valve, or weak place ; the inner cocoon has 

 the same valvular opening at top that the cocoons of the 

 other species have, and through which the pupa pai'tly 

 emerges and again retreats. When this emergence of the 

 pupa oi 2Jcndla and of paradoxa takes place, it comes into 

 the open air, and the $ then emerges and finds herself 

 fully exposed. But in the case of H. canalensis when the 

 female emerges, she is still within the chamber formed 

 by the outer cocoon. The position into which she emerges 

 is free from any silken cords which elsewhere suspend 

 the inner cocoon safely in the centre of the apartment 

 formed by the outer cocoon. 



When the male arrives he has to thrust his abdomen 

 through such openings as he can make or find in the 

 outer cocoon. I have twice seen this pairing take place, 

 but could not be sure whether he had to discover some 

 particular spot or whether almost anywhere at the right 

 end of the cocoon was practicable. In other cases the 

 male failed to reach the female, but this was probably 

 due to the artificial conditions of my observations ; the 

 cocoon, not being left m situ, the right place woukl be 

 difficult to find, and with cocoons spun in captivity, other 

 larvse spin over them, so as to destroy the proper structure. 



The anal armature of the $ is well calculated to pierce 

 such a web as the outer cocoon, and the movement for 

 doing so, is very similar to that used by penella and ^9a?'a- 

 dava in finding their goal by searching over the smooth 

 surface of the moth. 



There can be no question that Hctcrogynis canalensis 

 has a much more severe struggle for existence than the 

 other two species; except perchance the candelarix var. 

 of H. paradoxa, which certainly concealed itself at all 

 stages in a marvellous way, without varying in any very 

 material degree from the other sub-species in order to 

 secure this result. Taking canalensis as being close to 

 p)enella we find it confines itself to a plant that is a solid 

 mass of thorns, the female retires to form her cocoon to 

 a place in the interior of the bush where thorns are 

 especially thick and brittle, more rarely spinning in the 

 centre of a living bundle of thorns. More frequently than 

 remaining in the bush, she wanders to find a place under 

 the bush amongst stones, which are usually plentiful 

 enough where the G. scorpiits grows, and in such stony 

 places the //. canalensis is rather more fre([uent. We 



