Papilio cenca and Hypolimnas misippus. 083 



the individual dififerences between the males of a single 

 family of the same form. 



The inner row of black patches on the hind-wiug of 

 the ancestral Fap)ilio mcriones from Madagascar is usually 

 broken by two gaps, one between the 2nd sub-costal and 

 the discoidal nervule, the other between the 2nd and 3rd 

 median nervules. The former may be conveniently spoken 

 of as "the costal gap," the latter as "the inner gap." 

 The costal gap is often partially and sometimes completely 

 closed by a sickle-shaped black marking, with its concavity 

 directed inwards. The broadened base of this marking, 

 present in all the specimens I have examined, arises from 

 the black patch placed between the discoidal and 3rd 

 median nervules. The inner gap is often partially filled 

 by a detached black spot. This description applies to 

 females as well as to males, although the black markings 

 are more often developed and tend to be more completely 

 developed in the gaps of the first-named sex. 



The male of F. dardanus ( = merope) from the West, or 

 rather the tropical forest (for it extends at least to the 

 N.-E, shores of the Victoria Nyanza), is very similar to that 

 of mcriones in the characters here described ; but the gaps 

 are on the whole wider and less frequently occupied by 

 spots. The base of the sickle-shaped marking is, however, 

 generally present. In the male of P. antinorii, from 

 Abyssinia, the band is even more interrupted than in 

 merupe. 



In the male of the Eastern and Southern P. cenca both 

 gaps are usually filled, and a continuous broad black band 

 extends from the inner to the costal margin, nearly parallel 

 with the general trend of the hiud-margin. This band, 

 which is by far the most prominent feature of the hind- 

 wing, tends to reach a fuller development in males from 

 the northern section of the insect's range along the Eastern 

 coast as compared with males from the southern section. 

 Nevertheless, even in the specimens with the heaviest 

 markings the position of the inner gap is clearly indicated 

 by a bay on the hind marginal border, rendering the band 

 narrowest at this point. Occasionally, too, even in 

 specimens from Mombasa, a small yellow spot, or scattered 

 yellow scales invading the band from within, mark the 

 position of the costal gap. 



In examples from Natal and the Southern part of Cape 

 Colony the gaps are far more frequently and more fully 



