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Major Neville Manders, R.A.M.C, F.Z.S., in his paper 

 entitled " Some Breeding Experiments on Catopsilia jjyranthe, 

 and Notes on the Migration of Butterilies in Ceylon," 

 began by observing that although the different forms of C. 

 pyranthe in Ceylon certainly bore some relation to the seasons, 

 they were all liable to occur all the year round. With the 

 assistance of Mr. Wickwar he had ascertained that of sixty 

 specimens captured dui'ing a migratory flight that took place 

 in the hot, dry weather of February 1903, seventy-five per 

 cent, were males, and sixty-four per cent, of the whole number 

 were of the form more lightly spotted on the under-side ; only 

 four specimens, all females, bearing heavy markings in the 

 same situation. 



Several larvae were collected at Colombo, neaily all in the 

 same week, and were subjected to varying conditions of 

 temperature and moisture. These conditions proved to be 

 very destructive, only fiufteen to twenty specimens coming to 

 maturity out of quite two hundred larvae. Most of the 

 resulting emergences were represented in a photograph which 

 was exhibited. 



Dealing next with the question of migratory flights, Major 

 Manders calculated that during a swarm in October 1895, 

 about 98,000 butterflies passed through a space sixty feet 

 broad in twenty-eight hours. The course of these flights was 

 shown by coloured lines drawn on a map of Ceylon [exhibited] ; 

 the butterflies concerned being, besides the Catopsilias, Pajnlio 

 jason, Appias paulina, A. cdhina, Euploea asela, E. montana, 

 Danais se2)tentrionis and Kallima philarcliths. 



The migrations of butterflies difl:ei'ed from those of locusts 

 in the fact that instead of advancing in one compact body, 

 like a human army, the butterflies, in whatever part of the 

 island they happened to be hatched, began migrating immedi- 

 ately ; so that on the same day the migration was as vigorous 

 in one part of the island as in another. During the migratory 

 flights in the wet season, the female Catopsilias, which at this 

 time largely outnumbered the males, deposited their eggs so 

 hastily and in such enormous numbers that few of the result- 

 ing larvse could possibly come to maturity. The survivors 

 would probably be mostly males, the larvte of that sex being 



