to limitations of the Miillerian Hypothesis of Mimicry. 109 



great, how can we explain their absence in P. caUinice 

 which in other respects so closely resembles P. leiicodro- 

 sime ? A general contemplation of all the facts must, I 

 think, inevitably lead to the conclusion that these red 

 spots have been quite independently developed in Heli- 

 conius and without any Pierine influence whatever. 



11. The under-side red spots in the Pierine, Archonias 

 tereas, and Papilio zacynthus. 



This case was originally put forward in conjunction 

 with the preceding one, and will be found under the same 

 references. For various reasons it is advisable to treat it 

 separately. The line of argument in favour of Diapose- 

 matism is quite similar, it being contended that though 

 the Pierine has evidently mimicked the Papilio in all its 

 principal characters, yet in the case of the red spotting of 

 the under-side the influence has been in an opposite 

 direction. 



We may first consider the red markings in Arehonias. 

 The genus falls into four sections, so far as mere pattern is 

 concerned. The first section comprises a single species, 

 theano, which evidently represents the more primitive 

 colouring of the genus. Its upper-side is dark brown, 

 with vague whitish markings, while the under-side 

 presents a very characteristically Pierine appearance, 

 being yellowish or whitish with a broad white-spotted 

 dark border and the nervules broadly darkened ; a colour 

 scheme which continually reasserts itself in various genera 

 of Pierinse in all parts of the world ; finally the basal red 

 spots are conspicuous by their absence. The second 

 section contains species which mimic various Ithomiinse, 

 and in all of them the red spots are wanting. The species 

 of the third section mimic certain Aristoloehia Papilios 

 and these gradually merge into the fourth section which 

 has developed £[elico7iius-\ike colours. In these last two 

 sections the species all exhibit two red basal spots below, 

 though these differ in position from those of Pereute. In 

 the latter the spots are situated obviously on the wing, 

 while in Archonias they are placed on the extreme edge of 

 the base and on that portion which is bent against the 

 thorax, so that they appear, unless closely examined, to be 



