Species of the Genus Zimenitis. 463 



unconvincing, and most naturalists will agree with 

 Scudder in his hesitation in accepting it. At the same 

 time, Scudder points out that the female Argynnis is an 

 undoubted mimic of the Limenitis, but he, also failing to 

 recognise the scope of the Mullerian principle, was only 

 puzzled by the fact. 



In the following pages it will be argued that philenor is 

 the central primary model mimicked by both sexes of 

 Papilio troilus, L., by the female and on the under surface 

 by the male of P. asterius, Cr., and by the dark female form 

 (turnus, L.) of P. glaucus, L., but that strong secondary 

 resemblances exist between these three mimics, rendering 

 them far more like each other than they are to the primary 

 model ; that the Limenitis is a secondary mimic of these 

 three mimics, and the female Argynnis a tertiary mimic, 

 perhaps a Batesian mimic, of the Limenitis. 



The Geographical distribution of Papilio (Phar- 

 macophagus) philenor and its primary, second- 

 ary and tertiary mimics. 



The distribution of the Pa/pilioninie is taken from Roths- 

 child and Jordan's account, that of the Nymphalins^ from 

 Scudder's. 



Papilio philenor, L. 



Distribution. Mexico and the United States, except 

 the central district from Colorado northwards; in Southern 

 Canada and New England as a strao^sfler. 



In the subspecies orsua, Rothsch. and Jord., from the 

 Tres Marias Islands, the tail of the hind-wing is repre- 

 sented by a tooth-like projection and the glossy area on 

 the hind-wing upper surface is more extensive and more 

 brilliant. 



The larvae of pJiilenor are gregarious when young and 

 semi-gregarious later in life (Scudder, p. 1248-9). The 

 perfect insect is very tenacious of life, and Edwards states 

 that it has a strong and disagreeable scent. 



The three Papilionine mimics are placed by Rothschild 

 and Jordan in three different groups of the section 

 " Papilio" Haase (" Fluted Swallowtails," Rothsch. and 

 Jord.). 



