( ii ) 



everywhere between Ceylon, Eastern China and Singapore, 

 two Papilios are found, dissimilis and clytia, which have long 

 been considered distinct species. More recently acquired evi- 

 dence, however, decidedly points to these two insects being 

 but forms of one species. Although they have not yet been 

 bred from the eggs of one female, both have been reared from 

 one batch of lai-vje, which appeared to be all alike. The 

 chrysalis, too, is the same in both Papilios, and the two insects 

 have been observed in copuld. Morphology affords further 

 evidence of weight. The allied species of this group of mimics, 

 such as F. veiovis, epicydes, slateri, etc., differ very markedly 

 in the genitalia. Even the various geographical representa- 

 tives of P. clytia and dissimilis {usbvaely Jlavolimbaius from the 

 Andamans, 2^('''>^opinics from Palawan, pcdephates from the 

 Philippines and echidna from the Lesser Sunda Islands), show 

 some slight distinctions in these organs. Therefore, if clytia 

 and dissimilis were distinct species, one should expect that 

 they too differed in the genitalia. However, we do not find 

 any structural difference whatever. Although clytia and dis- 

 similis do not actually intergrade, there occur rather frequently 

 in North India specimens of clytia in which the dissimilis- 

 streaks are more or less indicated. All this shows distinctly 

 that we have to do with one dimorphic species. 



P. clytia does not occur on the Greater Sunda Islands, but 

 is represented by geographical races on the Andamans, on 

 Palawan, the Philippines, and the Lesser Sunda Islands. All 

 these outlying forms are monomorphic,the southern ones (Anda- 

 mans and Lesser Sunda Islands) being of the dissimilis-tj-pe, 

 and the northern ones (Palawan and the PhiKppines) of the 

 c^y^m-type. 



This being so, the question at once arises, which species fills 

 up the large gap in the area of distribution of P. clytia, and 

 how does that Papilio vary? There occurs indeed a near 

 ally of P. clytia on the Greater Sunda Islands, namely P. para- 

 doxa. This Papilio extends northward to Assam and Palawan 

 and eastward to Java, i. e. its area of distribution overlaps 

 with that of P. clytia in the north. P. paradoxa is structur- 

 ally different from all the races of P. clytia. It is individually 

 variable, especially in the $ , and has developed into quite a 



