Relationship between certain West African Insects. 439 
In the laborious and minute work of preparing Mr. 
Lamborn’s material so that this paper could be written, 
I have to thank my assistants in the Hope Department, 
Mr. A. H. Hamm and Mr. Joseph Collins. The setting, 
printing and labelling has involved a very large amount 
of labour, and the almost complete accordance between 
Mr. Lamborn’s notes and the specimens is evidence that a 
successful result has been obtained. 
It may be assumed that the notes in Mr. Lamborn’s 
manuscript are confirmed by the data he had written to 
accompany the specimens, except in the few cases in which 
a discrepancy is mentioned. A careful examination of the 
whole of the material in the Hope Department will well 
repay the naturalist who is interested in ants and the 
insects associated with them. The related forms are kept 
together and arranged in the order of the present memoir 
to which they supply the fullest illustration. (KH. B. P.) 
INTRODUCTION. 
The observations herein recorded were made during the 
latter part of a three years’ sojourn in Southern Nigeria 
in a bush camp at Oni, situated 70 miles E. of the town 
of Lagos and about 10 miles from the sea. 
In the course of a study directed in the first place towards 
an elucidation of the life-history of West African Lycaenid 
butterflies it was found that, as has frequently been noted 
in other parts of the world, a very close relationship exists 
between their larvae and ants. 
The relationship has in the majority of cases in West 
Africa been found to be one tending to the common good 
of both, the ants lavishing their blandishments on the 
smooth soft-skinned larvae, and in some instances very 
definitely extending hospitality and protection to them 
in return for much-prized secretions from certain special 
glands, evidently very similar to those described for the 
first time in 1867 by Guenée as existing in certain Kuropean 
Lycaenid larvae, and since found in many New World 
and Oriental species. The character of the gland in 
various Ethiopian larvae will be touched on when record- 
ing observations made on particular specimens. For the 
present it will suffice to mention that in most cases an 
orifice from which a fluid secretion will exude under 
appropriate stimuli has been found to exist on the dorsal 
aspect of the 11th segment, and that behind it and to the 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART III. (JAN.) GG 
