Relationship between certain West African Insects. 445 
Lycaenidae, in the Appendix to the present memoir (p. 499), 
includes a species of Aslauga upon which no bionomic 
observations have been made by Mr. Lamborn. It was 
thought, however, that it would be convenient for an 
account of this novel and interesting form to appear 
beside that of allied species whose bionomic associations 
are here recorded. 
Emergence of the sexes—Mr. Lamborn’s careful records 
throw much light upon the question of the relative order 
of the emergenée of the sexes of butterflies, and, in the 
present paper, some of his facts are now made public. 
It will be observed that in most Lycaenidae, of which a 
sufficient number were bred from the same family, the 
females emerged on the average before the males—a 
result opposed to the usual experience in butterflies. In 
Euliphyra mirifica, however, 3 males emerged before any 
of the 5 females (p. 455-6). The other species, in which 
marked results were obtained, are Hmtola ceraunia, 9 
females, 6 males, and 1 male and 1 female together, 
emerging in that order, Feb. 22-23, 1912 (p. 456); Hypo- 
lycaena nigra, 5 females, 1 male and 1 female together, 
2 females, all within 24 hours, Feb. 13-14, 1912 (p. 473); 
Lycaenesthes lachares, the groups tabulated on p. 481, 
where the early emergence of females is very clear; 
L. flavomaculata, 1 female, 2 males, Jan. 19-20, 1912 
(p. 483). 
The notes also show that emergence of certain species 
takes place at a particular time of the day, and indicate 
furthermore the interval between emergence from the 
pupa and the first flight. This period is seen to be very 
short in Lycaenid butterflies, contrasting in the most 
remarkable manner with the facts observed by Mr. Lamborn 
in the specially protected Acraeinae. 
Relationship with ants—The relationship with the ants 
will be found to be extremely varied, some species, such 
as Lycaenesthes flavomaculata (p. 483), being associated 
with various kinds of ants, others again being confined to 
a single species. The number of observations upon the 
replacement of the ants found attending the larvae in the 
wild state by the “‘house-ant’’ Pheidole rotundata, var., 
are of the highest interest. 
It will be noted that the behaviour of certain ants 
towards certain Lycaenid larvae is marked by much uncer- 
tainty, e.g. in Huliphyra and Megalopalpus (pp. 453, 463-4). 
