Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on Papilio dardanus. 657 
butterfly can be compared witha larger one. This standard 
was obtained by expressing the length of the spot as a 
fraction of the distance from the base of the spot to the 
base of the nervure [vein 5] along the same axis. The 
resulting figures are given in percentages; and the different 
values express the relation between one specimen and 
another. In one case (Plate XX XIX, fig. 9), the percentage 
was 102, the spot being so large that its apex extended 
beyond the cell. The measurements of the spots on both 
fore-wings were taken, and the average used for the calcula- 
tion, as it was found that there were often slight differences 
between the two sides. By the use of needle-pointed 
adjustable ‘‘ dividers”’ it was found quite practicable to 
get as near as 0°25 of a millimetre. 
It at once became obvious on comparing measurements 
of the hippocoén offspring (Plate XX XIX) derived from 
planemoides with 6 other broods (AF) of hippocoén bred by 
Mr, W. A. Lamborn near Lagos, W. Africa, from hippocoon 
parents (see A, D, and E on Plate XL), that in the former 
brood the spot is uniformly large, and that in the latter 
the specimens are grouped together round a certain average 
size, which is never so large as the average in the 7 offspring 
of planemoides, and varies for each family. (See Chart on 
p- 663.) 
This grouping is very well shown indeed in Brood A, in 
which the parent and fourteen offspring (Plate XL, figs. 
1-15) all fall between the figures 50 and 59°5. In other 
families, although the majority of specimens fall well 
together there are a few outlying members, but the highest 
member of any family only comes up to the lower members 
of the family from the planemordes parent (Plate XX XIX). 
It is impossible to avoid the conclusion that the large size 
of the spot in the hippocodn offspring of planemordes is due 
to the influence upon them of the large size of the corre- 
sponding area in the parent, whose pattern, however, is of 
quite a different type. 
If the photographs of the three planemoides offspring 
(Plate XX XIX, figs. 4, 6, 8) be compared with hippocodn 
(figs. 2, 3, 5, 7, etc.), an interesting point becomes apparent. 
Fig. 8, and to a less extent figs. 4 and 6, show in the apical 
half of the fore-wing a pattern very close to that of hippocoén. 
Fig. 8 in particular exhibits features like those of fig. 9, 
in which the outer part of the intracellular spot runs out 
to join the large subapical patch. This latter area in the 
