small variations in the pattern of Papilio dardanus. 659 
W. African hippocodn, although the rest of the pattern 
is larger. In other words, the spot varies independently 
of the rest of the pattern. 
The Natal families reared by Mr. G. F. Leigh were dis- 
cussed in great detail by Prof. Poulton in a paper on 
“ Heredity in six families of P. dardanus, Brown, subsp. 
cenea, Stoll’’ (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1908, p. 427), in which 
the same spot now under discussion was considered, not 
from the point of view of its size, but as to whether it was 
divided in two or not. It was shown (loc. cit., p. 444) in 
one family (No. 5) bred from a cenea parent in which this 
spot was divided, that 9 out of 14 cenea offspring also had 
the spot divided, as also in the only hippocodn offspring. 
Compare this with Family 4 in the same table, and it 1s 
seen that the parent hippocodn had the spot undivided, 
and this was also the case in 5 out of 8 cenea offspring, 
2 out of 3 hippocoén offspring, and all of the 3 trophonius 
offspring. 
And yet Prof. Punnett says that in no clear case has the 
inheritance of small variations been shown to exist ! 
In view of this statement attention may be redirected 
to sundry papers of Prof. Poulton on this very point as 
exhibited in the species under discussion. I have shown 
how the influence of the pattern of a planemoides parent 
is felt by the offspring of the hippocoén form as regards 
size of acertain spot. In the Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906, pp. 283, 
313, Prof. Poulton shows that the influence of the colour of 
the parent form trophonius is felt by offspring of cenea 
form; and again in the Proc. Ent. Soc., 1911, p. xxxvii, 
he says with regard to another family: ‘‘ Several of the 
cenea ofispring exhibit the influence of the trophonius 
parent in the richer, deeper tinge of the basal patch of the 
hind-wing.”’ 
Again, in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1908, p. 436, he shows how 
the influence of a parent form hippocodn is exhibited in 
the colour of the cenea offspring. 
[Since Dr. Carpenter’s return to Africa I have observed 
the following examples of the inheritance of small features 
that can be made out by a careful comparison between 
the patterns of the three families represented on Plate 
XL.—E. B. P.] 
(1) Parent D (fig. 16) differs from E (31) in having a 
larger white area on the hind-wing. This area in its 
offspring as shown in 17-21 and 30, is larger than in E’s 
