(_ Ixviii_ ) 
be claimed as mimics of the Western models, or vice versa ; 
and it is equally true that the facts of geographical distribution 
make such a claim impossible. But what we have to notice 
is that in all these cases the aposeme is of an extremely simple 
character, such as might well arise quite independently in 
different geographical regions. When we come to patterns 
of a more complicated kind, such for instance as that of the 
red, white and black Papilios, or the red, black and yellow 
Ithomiines and Heliconiines, the case is entirely altered. I 
cannot exhibit New and Old-World series of these, corre- 
sponding to those you have just seen of the simple white or 
coloured band, for the reason that such series do not exist. 
The conclusion is obvious: if mere coincidence can account 
for the coexistence of so many forms showing the same pattern 
in a given locality, why cannot it produce the same or a similar 
pattern elsewhere? This we have seen it can only do if the 
pattern is relatively simple. A complicated system of colour- 
ing is beyond the power of mere coincidence to reproduce. 
We are therefore driven back to the position that geographical 
conditions are at the bottom of the matter; and if, as seems 
indisputable, the direct influence of the geographical environ- 
ment must be disallowed as a cause, we can only conclude that 
the influence is indirect. And of possible indirect causes the 
only one yet suggested which appears to be at all adequate is 
mimicry. 
If it be true that there is no rule without an exception, I 
ought perhaps to be challenged to show some exceptions to 
the rule I laid down just now about a complicated mimetic 
pattern being confined to one definite region of the earth’s 
surface. Here are a few such :— 
Cybdelis mnasylus, Doubl. and Hew., a South American 
Nymphaline, resembles Hypolimnas bolina, Lin., 3, a Nympha- 
line from Asia. Megalura marcella, Feld. 3, another Neo- 
tropical Nymphaline, is like a magnified Marmessus bois- 
duvalii, Moore, an Indian Lycaenid. A South American 
Hypsid, EHucyane egaensis, is strikingly resembled by Milionia 
fulgida, Voll., a Geometrid from Java. It is quite likely 
that if these Old-World forms occurred in company with 
the New-World species put beside them, they would be 
