elxxiii ) 
except that in the median area there is a predominance, more 
or less, of the short broad tulip-shaped pattern. 
Turning now to the tawny Lipteninae we find scales of 
quite a peculiar character in Liptena parva, a small dark 
brown species with a tawny red patch on the primaries and a 
large red basal area in the secondaries; practically the whole 
of the scales on the upper side are more or less pyriform, it 
might be more accurate to describe them as foliate or leaf 
shaped, and with slight modifications the whole of the scales, 
except the extreme marginal fringes, are of this pattern, 
some are longish like a laurel leaf with a rounded apex, and 
some are shorter and so look broader, and they obtain 
indiscriminately together over both brown and red areas in 
both the wings. 
In petreia the same principle holds good throughout, but 
along the veins are found a number of lanceolate shaped scales, 
that do not depart from the character mentioned; there 
are however some very long and narrow scales present which 
have very deeply cleft apices. On the underside there is a 
continuance of the same character up to a point, many of the 
scales having truncated and irregular apices, but mixed with 
them are also a large number of scales something similar to 
those obtaining in muhata; in this case however they are just 
like a pair of slightly opened compasses, and would appear 
to be a development of the long deeply cleft scale of the 
upperside ; a few are occasionally trifid instead of bifid. 
Multipunctata is very typical of this genus, and in it we 
find precisely the same character of scale as already described ; 
most of the upper side are foliate, some broadly, others less 
broad; there are the lanceolate pattern and the deeply cleft 
ones; on the underside the same general pattern obtains, but 
the scales that in petrera are like a pair of compasses, in this 
species are more like the deeply cleft pattern of the upperside, 
but the cleft is decidedly deeper. 
I cannot close this section of African Lipteninae without 
mention of the genus Citrinophila, a little group of yellow 
species ; in marginalis the scales are very little specialised indeed 
and do not need description; whilst the large black species 
of Pseuderesia from the Cameroons called tripunctata does 
