180 Dr. A. Jefferis Turner's Observations on 



actinias (fig. 43), the bar between 8 and 9 which completes 

 the areole is undeveloped. Similarly in an example of 

 Phmgmatoecia castaneae (fig. 44) the usual anastomosis 

 between 8 and 9 is absent. In both these instances the 

 areole has coalesced with the discal area outside the lepido- 

 pterous cell. These abnormalities illustrate, I believe, the 

 normal structure of the Lasiocampidae. In the figure of 

 Lasiocampa the letters ar mark the site of the undeveloped 

 areole. There is a small cell with a slenderly developed 

 unbranched media, and this cell is, I believe, the primitive 

 lepidopterous cell, not an areocel, as in all the preceding 



!«. ,1 J 



Fig. 45. — Lasiocampa quercus, Linn. Fig. 4<i. — Bhima undulosa, Wlk. 



families which lack an areole. This separation of 8 and 9 

 of course leaves the veins 9 and 10 stalked. But when an 

 areocel is formed, as may be seen at a glance at any of 

 the figures up to fig. 42, 9 and 10 are left arising separately 

 from it. Usually 9 is attracted to 8, the instances in 

 which it becomes again stalked with 10 are rare and excep- 

 tional ; but in the Lasiocampidae 9 and 10 are invariably 

 stalked. In the Indian genus Bhima the ancient structure 

 is obscured by the stalking of 8, 9, 10, but this is a rare 

 and late modification ; in the great majority of genera 8 

 is separate or stalked with 7. But Bhima has one primi- 

 tive character in the retention of Ic of the fore : wings. The 

 hind-wings of the Lasiocampidae usually differ very much 



