the charina Group of Pinacopteryx, 199 



never very broad. A similar marginal band in the female 

 is usually broader and better marked, but may be almost 

 obsolete. The female has a chain of subapical spots on 

 the fore-wing, reaching from the costa to the space below 

 the first radial branch ; a larger spot occupies the space 

 between the second and third median; this is usually 

 isolated, but a minute spot sometimes occurs below the 

 second radial, completing the chain. Both sexes show a 

 pearly lustre at the base of the wings on the upper surface; 

 this extends over a larger area in the female than in the 

 male. The under surface of the hind-wing and apical area 

 of the fore- wing are pale yellow, marked in the dry-season 

 form of both sexes with a rich irro ration of dark specks 

 or blotches; the submarginal spots of the female are 

 visible beneath, being more or less assimilated to the 

 irro ration. The male has occasionally on the underside 

 an indication of the costal end of a corresponding sub- 

 marginal chain : but from this sex the spot between the 

 second and third branches of the median is nearly always 

 absent, though it may be present in the wet-season form 

 as a small dot. In the wet season also the irroration 

 becomes reduced to a series of small submarginal spots, 

 sometimes very faintly marked. In both sexes the veins 

 of the hind-wings on the upper surface and both wings 

 of the lower surface may possess minute marginal dark 

 dots. These may be present at all seasons. The male 

 clasper in a specimen from Natal is larger than in P. simana 

 and P. venata; it resembles that of P. W !<(»<( in size 

 and in the length of the single posterior spine (tig. "2), 

 which is nearly as long as in that subspecies. The uncus 

 (fig. 13) is small relatively to the size of the clasper. The 

 lamina of the scent-scale has parallel sides and an ex- 

 panded and rounded base. In size it is intermediate 

 between those of P. simana and P. venata. 



(2) P. simana, Hopff. — This is the form found in Por- 

 tuguese and German East Africa, Rhodesia. British Central 

 Africa, Uganda and British East Africa with the exception 

 of the coast region about Mombasa, where it is replaced 

 by P. liliana and P. gerda. In this subspecies the male is 

 invariably veined on the upper surface, more distinctly so 

 in the wet than in the dry season. In both sexes the dark 

 border of the fore-wing is continuous, showing little ten- 

 dency to break up. as in charina, into a- series of marginal 

 spots. In both wet- and dry-season phases of the female 



