6 Mr. H. W. Bates's Notes 



Ernests (exceedingly rare, liowever), but the males accompany the 

 Cybdeles to the moist margins of the river, where they settle and 

 flit about the damp sand, sometimes by hundreds, forming a charm- 

 ing sight as you can well imagine. 



Pupce of Eryc'midcs. — I. have met with pupa of three genera 

 only, viz. Zeonia, Eurygona and Stalachllns ; the two former were 

 secured to leaves by the tail, but laid horizontally on the leaf, with 

 a fine silken thread passed over the body. The chrysalides of both 

 have two faces; the under or ventral face is naked and flat, whilst 

 the upper is convex and pubescent, most distinctly so in Eury- 

 gona. In Stalachthis it is secured by the tail only, but is in- 

 clined towards the leaf, and not suspended horizontally, as in the 

 Nymphalidce. 



Lymnas. — \ have taken six or seven species of this genus; 

 they are all rare, and two of them are single specimens, which I 

 have not yet sent to England. 1 exclude from the genus the 

 specimens figured by Mr. Hewitson as L. vitula, on account of its 

 different neuration. The true Lymnas (L. electron and allies) 

 jH'esent two nervules emitted from the subcostal nervure before 

 the end of the cell, in the fore-wings ; whereas L. vitula has one 

 nervule before and one after the end of the cell. In their mode 

 of flight also the two forms difl^er. All the true Lymnas have a 

 very rapid but short flight, settling, with wings extended, on the 

 under surfjice of leaves of the lower trees on the borders of the 

 pathways in the woods of second growth, while L. vitula flies slow 

 and heavily, settling generally on the upper surface of the leaves. 

 The only locality where I have found the Lymnas rather plenti- 

 fully is the thinned dry woods of Santarem ; in fact, in the same 

 limited strip of wood where only in all the region Callithea Sap- 

 phira is found. In company with L. electron there were two or 

 three very similar species, differing only in the colour of the spot 

 on fore wings, and the red spots at base of wings. They were all 

 flying together, and it struck me at the time that they were 

 probably varieties, but as I never detected them promiscuously in 

 copula, there is no alternative but to keep them separate at pre- 

 sent. I have so often seen two or more closely allied species 

 flying together, and yet keeping themselves perfectly distinct, 

 that I find it safer to consider small differences as separate species, 

 until positive proof oflTers of the contrary. I find when mono- 

 graphers at home are inclined to group apparent varieties together 

 as one species on their own responsibility, they often make mis- 



