British Species of Caddis-flies. 1] 
maxillary palpi of the females five-jointed, basal joint short, the 
others of nearly equal length; labial palpi with the three joints 
of about equal length ; body robust; wings ample, the hairy cloth- 
ing very short and slight, sometimes with longer erect hairs on the 
nervures, neuration strong; anterior wings elongate, obtuse, but 
usually less so in the females than in the males, discoidal cell 
alway closed, long and narrow, subcosta united to the costa by a 
transverse oblique vein placed at about two-thirds of its length 
from the base (4grypnia excepted), anastomosis complete; pos- 
terior wings very broad, rounded at the apex, folded when the 
insect is in repose; legs strong, tibiz and tarsi usually spinose, 
spurs always 2-4-4,* 
Larva: Head oval, small, second segment narrowly transverse, 
third and fourth broad, nearly quadrate, rounded at the sides, fifth 
very narrow, produced at the sides and in the middle above, sixth 
to twelfth nearly equal in size, depressed, carrying isolated respi- 
ratory filaments, which are usually turned over the back, thirteenth 
segment smaller than the preceding ones and furnished with two 
hooks ; legs not very long, on the underside, between the two an- 
terior legs, there is a pointed somewhat curved horny prolongation. 
Pupa: Stout; mandibles small, not toothed internally ; abdomen 
produced at the sides, which towards the apex are fringed with 
long hairs; respiratory filaments as in the larva. 
Case always a cylindrical tube of nearly equal diameter through- 
out, + formed of small pieces of vegetable fibres cut in equal lengths 
and arranged side by side in a spiral manner; sometimes the 
leaves of water plants are used, and arranged in the same manner. 
The case is always free when the occupant is in the larva state, 
but before it changes to a pupa, it fixes the case at one end to 
water plants, and draws together a few leaves or fibres over the 
other. 
Inhabit standing, or very slowly running, waters. 
_ * Throughout this Monograph the usual plan of abbreviation in numbering 
the tibial spurs has been adopted :—thus “‘ spurs 2-4-4’’ means that the an- 
terior tibiz have two spurs (both apical); the intermediate tibize four spurs 
(one pair apical, the other median); the posterior tibiz the same as the 
intermediate : ‘‘spurs 1-3-4’? means that the anterior tibiz have one spur, 
the intermediate tibize three spurs, and the posterior tibia four spurs; and so 
on. Care must be taken not to confuse the spurs with the spines which are so 
plentiful on the tibiz of some genera. 
+ The larve have the power of turning themselves in the cases, and pre- 
sent their heads indiscriminately at either end. I have watched a large larva 
of Phryganea grandis, which had been deprived of its case, eject a larva of 
Neuronia ruficrus, but the case of the latter being far too small, it soon rejected 
it; and after wandering about houseless for a few days, and not having suit- 
able materials at hand for the construction of a new home, it died. 
