cil 
black markings on the upper side of the anterior wings being more or less diffused, 
and sometimes the ground-colour of these wings is almost white. This was the case in 
some specimens which I reared at Oxford in 1861, from larve collected at Hyéres in 
1860. I have reared Cassandra in December by placing the pup in a very warm 
situation; the perfect insects, however, offered no variation from the ordinary type. 
2. T. Hypsipyle. This species is closely allied to Cassandra; indeed Boisduval’s 
opinion was that the two were merely local varieties of one species. ‘This, however, is 
not the case, because Hypsipyle and Cassandra occur in the same localities, though at 
different times. Hypsipyle is generally (not always) paler than Cassandra, at least in 
the female; the black markings are less diffused ; there is in the female a crimson dot 
upon the third black marginal band counting from the outer edge of the anterior 
wings; the second crimson spot on the hind wings is absent in the female. The 
antenne are brown with a blackish club in both sexes of Hypsipyle, but black 
throughout in Cassandra. This species may be considered, I think, identical with the 
Thais (Papilio) Polyxena of Ochsenheimer. ‘Two constant varieties are described by 
Boisduval; his var. a differs from the type by the narrow costal bands of the anterior 
wings, the second of these bands only being of the usual breadth: this var. is said to 
occur in Calabria. The var. B is described as being of a deep ochre-yellow and as 
possessing three or four red points on the fifth costal band: this variety has been 
found commonly in the Morea, and may, I think, possibly be a distinct species. ‘This 
species is further distinguishable from Cassandra by its yellow larva, with black dorsal 
band, six rows of spines, yellowish red bordered with black, and (according to Hubner) 
a lateral series of black points, forming a triangle. The pupa is not unlike that of 
Cassandra in form, but is grayish brown in colour. The larva of Hypsipyle is found 
about August, feeding on Aristolochia rotunda and (as Boisduval says) on A. Clematitis 
also. The perfect insect flies over marsby places in April. It thus appears later than 
Cassandra: its flight is sluggish. I have found both the type and the var. a at 
Cannes. 
3. T. Caucasica. This is said to abound near Smyrna in April and May. The 
larva and pupa seem to be altogether unknown. 
4. T. Cerisyi. This species is easily distinguishable by the long tails on the hind 
wings. The larva and pupa seem to be unknown. This species occurs near Smyrna, 
and also in some of the islands of the Grecian Archipelago: it appears on the wing in 
April and May, and is of short duration. 
5. T. Henrietta (new species). Expands 23 inches. Antenne and palpi black; 
thorax black, spotted with yellow. Abdomen also spotted with yellow. Wings deep 
golden yellow; fore wings with the base black, then a red costal spot bordered with 
black, then a black costal band, then another broad crimson spot edged with black, then 
a black spot, then two small red spots, then a row of black crescents, and a second row 
of crescents reaching to the edge of the wing. Hind wings have the base black, the 
disk marked with crimson and black, the nervures black, a crimson spot on the upper 
margin and a row of five large crimson spots bordered with black, and a row of yellow 
crescents deeply edged with black. ‘The fringe of all the wings is dark golden yellow. 
A single specimen of this beautiful insect, taken near Smyrna, was in the cabinet of 
the late M. Meissonier, of Hyéres: that gentleman informed me that it was a new 
and undescribed species: he wished me to describe and figure it, and lent me the 
specimen for that purpose shortly before his death. 
