152 SYDNEY H. VINES. 



gonifHa protrude which have a basal heterocyst, and closely re- 

 semble filaments of liiviilaria. These observations agree in the 

 main with those of Bornet already mentioned. The author 

 describes the development of these tubercles as taking place in 

 two ways ; in the one, they are formed by a coalescence of the 

 hyphfe of the thallus to form a group of cells in the manner 

 already described in speaking of the development of gonidia in 

 Cladonia ■rangiferlna, in the other, they are formed from soredia 

 derived from older tubercles which became invested by hyphae. 

 The mode of origin of the gonidia in the tubercles is similar to 

 that which takes place in the cortex. From these facts, and 

 from the occurrence of numerous gradational forms both as to 

 shape and as to colour, it appears that the gonidia of this Lichen 

 are in reality all of one kind, a conclusion at which Eornet had 

 also arrived. 



Finally, the author points out the improbability of the views 

 held by van Tieghem and by Weddell as to the existence of 

 parasitism in Lichens. He considers that the gonidia do not 

 arise from spores which have recently germinated, but from organs 

 which have a more or less pseudo-parenchymatous structure, a 

 view which finds support in the facts above detailed. He con- 

 cludes that various Protococcacese, Nustocacese, and Rivulariaceae 

 are only certain forms of lichen-gonidia in certain phases of 

 their vegetation, and that therefore the gonidia are organs pecu- 

 liar to Lichens. 



Iji the ' Flora' for that year, Winter^ published a paper in 

 which he shews that four of the examples adduced by Korber 

 (see ante), in support of his statement that Lichens exists which 

 possess no hyphse, viz., Secologia abstrusa, Sarcogyne privigna, 

 Hyme7ielia ajjinis and Ncetrocymhe fallginea, do, as a matter of 

 fact, possess hyphse. In a second publication,^ he exposes the 

 inaccuracy of Korber's statements with regard to Sphaeromphale 

 and its allies, (1) in that hyphse do actually exist in this Lichen, 

 and Ci) in that the spores on germinating do form hyphse and do 

 not, as Korber asserts, give rise directly to gonidia. These 

 observations suffice to answer some of the more important objec- 

 tions — because based apparently upon experimental evidence — 

 brought forward by Korber against Schwendener's theory. 



'Nature' for January 27, 1876, contains a commmunication 

 from Jjauder Lindsay upon the nature of Lichens. In it he 

 criticises severely the views of Schwendener and his followers, 

 and repeats his suggestion for the establishment of intermediate 

 and provisional groups of Algo-lichenesand Fungo-lichenes. He 



^ 'Zur .\natomic dor Kriisteiiflechten.' 



' ' Ucber die Gattuiig Sphceromphale uud Verwandte, Prings, Jahrb. f. 

 Wiss. Bot.,' Bd. X. 



