16 PSYCHE. 
ing then 40° to 45° F. [4° to 7°C.]. I 
obtained from the 14-day lot seven perfect 
butterflies, 3 & 4 2; from the 20-day lot 
five, 4 $ 1 2; every one umbrosa; and 
nearly all had changed in one striking par- 
In the normal umbrosa, of both 
sexes, the fore wings on upper side have, 
ticular. 
on costal margin next inside the broad 
border of hind margin, and separated 
from it by a considerable space of fulvous, 
a dark patch which ends a little below the 
discoidal nervule ; inside the same border 
at inuer angle is a similar patch lying on 
the submedian interspace. 
two patches, across all the median inter- 
Between these 
spaces, the ground is fulvous, but very 
slightly and faintly clouded with black. 
Indeed, this clouding would usually not be 
noticed. 
I find that in all the four 2 exposed to 
cold 14 days, there is present a broad biack 
band crossing the entire wing, continuous, 
of uniform shade, covering the two patches 
and intervening space, and almost confluent 
with the marginal border from end to end, 
only a streak of obscured fulvous any- 
where separating band and border. In 
the other female, being from chrysalis ex- 
posed 20 days, the band is present, but 
while broad and covering the space between 
the patches, it is not so dark as in the other 
examples, and includes against the border 
This 
is like some normal females, and this fe- 
male, though longest exposed, therefore is 
essentially unchanged. 
In all the males, the patches are diffuse, 
those at apex almost coalescing with the 
border. In the three males from the 14- 
day lot, these patches are connected by a 
narrow dark band (very different from the 
a series of obscured fulvous lunules. 
broad band of the females), which occu- 
pies the same position as the clouding in 
the normal male, but blackened and some- 
what diffused. In the four examples from 
the 20-day lot, this connecting band is 
scarcely as deep colored and continuous 
as in the other three. Beyond this change 
on the submarginal area, whereby a con- 
spicuous band is created where naturally 
would be only the two patches and a faint 
cloudiness over the intervening fulvous 
space, I see no difference between these 
examples of both sexes and a long series 
of natural ones placed beside them, so far 
as relates to the upper surface. 
On the under side, all the males are of 
the same type, the colors intense. There is 
considerably more red, both dark and pale, 
over the whole surface than in the series 
ofnatural examples ; these latter discovering 
shades of brown, over which is a bluish or 
In the females I discover 
no change on under side. 
It appears that 14 days was as effective 
in producing changes in case of this Grap- 
ta, asa longer period. In fact, the most 
decided changes were found to be in the 
lilaceous flush. 
females exposed least. It appears also that 
cold will produce change if applied after 
the chrysalis has hardened. In 1878, I 
put Grapta chrysalids on ice at from 10 
minutes to 6 hours after pupation, and 
while some were quite soft,—and lost 
every one of them, although some chrysa- 
lids of P. ajax in same box, and in part 
exposed very shortly after pupation, were 
not injured. It also appears that cold may 
change certain markings only, and that 
the females were most susceptible to the 
influence. 
The resulting butterflies were all wm- 
