PSYCHE. 31 
males and females, possess in their young 
stages small, yet identically formed wing- 
buds [‘‘ imaginal dises””] which retrograde 
during further growth. 
** The thoracic appendages of ants make 
their first appearance in the young larva, 
as dise-shaped thickenings of the hypoderm, 
which divide into a core (leg or wing), 
and an envelope, with an external opening 
(covered, of course, by the chitin layer). 
The envelope grows into a sac or pocket- 
shaped fold within the body cavity; the 
core or bud into the respective leg or wing. 
During the transition to the pupal stage 
the sac is turned inside out, or rather the 
opening which existed from the first, be- 
comes enlarged and the appendage is thrust 
forth. 
** The developing leg or wing of the ant 
and bee casts its skin while yet in the larval 
stage ; so that, in respect to undergoing a 
moult, there is not the least difference be- 
tween the postembryonal formed append- 
ages of insects with a perfect or imperfect 
metamorphosis (e. g., leg and wing of the 
ant, wing and ovipositor of the grasshop- 
per) ; the difference being simply that in 
insects with perfect metamorphosis the new 
forming appendage lies generally hidden 
in infoldings of the hypoderm, making its 
first appearance outwardly during pupa- 
tion ; while in insects with imperfect met- 
amorphosis, this occurs at the beginning. 
** Likewise the formation of the lepidop- 
terous wing, and, according to my view, 
of the appendages of all insects, starts from 
the hypoderm, although perhaps the enter- 
ing tracheae, nerves, &c., effect the internal 
formation of the appendage. 
15 Carus’ Zool. Anz., v. 2, p. 135. 
16 Salzburg, Verf., 1878. 
“The great difference between ant work- 
ers and females is not brought about by 
different treatment of the larvae or eggs by 
the mature workers, but while yet in the 
maternal body the egg receives the imprint 
of its future destination.” 
Dewitz farther studied the mode of origin 
of the thoracic thorns in Myrmica, which 
grow directly out of the hypodermis, thus 
behaving very differently from the locomo- 
tive appendages. A section on the difficulty 
of accounting for the inheritance of worker 
characters, which Dewitz cannot help to 
clear up, concludes this interesting paper. 
Dr. Dewitz also in a short note ” records 
a case of malformation in which five joints 
of one of the hind legs protruded through 
the larval skin of an ant (Alta insularis) 
nearly ready to pupate. Dewitz does not, 
however, think that this is simply a case of 
incompleted moult, but believes that the leg 
from the first, instead of lying in the hypo- 
dermic infolded sack, grew outwards and, 
being unable to separate the hypoderm from 
the chitinous layer, pierced the latter before 
it became much hardened. 
A paper by Mr. Antoine Simon, on the 
Hautskelet der arthrogastrischen Arachni- 
den *° I have not seen. 
Schneider, in a paper™ of nearly sixty 
pages in length, describes the different forms 
of scales found on the different parts of the 
body and wings of the lepidoptera. Two 
plates illustrate these forms, and a diagram 
of a lepidopter, showing the character of the 
scales on different parts in the Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera, is also given. 
Mr. Joseph Beck * adds a little note to 
his studies on the scales of insects. Ina 
7 Zeitschr. ges. Naturwiss., v. 51, p. 1. 
18 Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 810. 
