36 
searches on the digestive organs, by a pa- 
per 41 
The digestive tube shows three divisions: 
an oral, middle, and terminal. The first 
may be short and broad (Julus), or long 
and narrow (Geophilus). The epithelial 
layer is sometimes wanting, and the cuticle 
has sometimes projecting points. The 
terminal division is often short, but in some 
forms (Gilomeris) becomes very long, and 
is coiled. There is a pair of salivary 
glands, and one or two pairs of Malpighian 
tubes ; the latter open at the end of the 
mid-gut, and seem to be urinary organs. 
Dr. Forel * describes the gizzard in the 
different groups of ants, claiming its im- 
portance, and the importance of a general 
knowledge of internal as well as external 
anatomy, for natural classification. The 
gizzard in the ants is composed of three 
divisions, the second of which is a simple 
slender tube, the cylindrical protrusion of 
which into the interior of the stomach form 
the third division, which differs only in 
this position in the stomach from the sec- 
ond. The cuticular intima of these divisions 
turns on itself at the opening of the third, 
into the stomach, and thus covers it ex- 
ternally ; but on reaching the gastric cells 
of the stomach it vanishes, leaving the 
stomach without any intima, — differing 
from the rest of the digestive tract in this 
respect. The middle or cylindrical division 
never varies in the different genera except 
on this system in the myriapods. 
as to length, but it disappears entirely in 
some groups. Anteriorly the cylindrical 
part expands suddenly into the anterior di- 
vision — the true gizzard — which in con- 
#1 Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., v. 42. 
42 Bull. Soc. Vaudoise des Sci. nat., v. 15, p. 337. 
43 Bull. Acad. Belg., v. 46, p. 698-706. There 
PSYCHE. 
trast to the former, varies in the different 
groups. This division consists of two 
parts, a globular ‘* bowl ” and a cylindrical 
‘* calyx,” the latter the anterior. In these 
the interior cuticle is thrown into four 
large longitudinal folds, so that the lumen 
is X-shaped in cross section. Between the 
‘* bowl” and the ‘‘ calyx” there is a valy- 
ular apparatus of four pieces, correspond- 
ing to the fold. Four powerful longitudi- 
nal muscles lie in the fold. The structure 
of this anterior division, as seen from the 
description just given, is too complex to be 
understood properly without reference to 
the figures. The forms occuring in differ- 
ent genera are described, and their value 
for classification is pointed out. 
Mr. V. Liénard has published * some 
‘* Recherches sur la structure de l’appareil 
digestif des Mygales et des Néphiles,” which 
have not yet reached us. A note im Carus’ 
Anzeiger states as a result, ‘‘ There is no 
glandular organ attached to the cephalo- 
thoracic portion of the intestine; the 
branches of the latter ramify more and 
more as the size of the animal increases.” 
Mr. L. Joulin* shows graphically the 
changes in weight undergone by a lepidop- 
ter, from birth to death, by a curve, the 
ordinates of which represent the weight, 
and the abscissae the age, of an individual. 
The curve is seen to ascend with great ra- 
pidity, till the larva ceases to eat, then falls 
as suddenly till nearly half reduced, when 
it declines gently during the last pupal 
days, suddenly falling at exclusion, — the 
result of the lost weight of cast skin, &e. 
— from which time there is another grad- 
is also a “ Rapport sur ce travail,” Ibid., p. 586-7, 
by M. F. Plateau. 
44 Comptes rendus, v. 87, p. 334. 
