596 PSICHE. 
ing the larva of O. leucostigma, terms 
them ‘‘coral-red retractile warts”; and 
Coquillett,@ in describing the larva of 
Parorgyia clintonii, speaks of them as 
‘reddish warts” without adding that they 
are retractile. 
Evaginable warts similar to those up- 
on the dorsum of Orgyia are present on 
different parts of various bombycid lar- 
vae, and Klemensiewicz * has described 
their structure in Leucoma salicis. I 
have mentioned their occurrence in Hy- 
perchirvia to on p. 352-353 of Psyong, v. 
3, and they seem especially abundant on 
stinging larvae. Goossens® regards the 
spines of the larvae of Cnethocampa to 
be poisonous because of a powder pro- 
duced by the drying of the secretion 
given out by the evaginable glands upon 
the dorsum of these larvae. This view 
seems inacceptible after Karsten,? Kel- 
ler’? and others have so clearly proved 
the presence of glands at the bases of 
the spines of these stinging larvae. 
The structure of the evaginable warts 
and their glands in Leucoma salicis is 
well described by Klemensiewicz,*® and 
will answer in a general way for the 
similar warts of Orgyia and of the Euro- 
pean Liparis. The wart is protruded 
by pressure of the fluids within the body 
and retracted by muscles; at or near its 
centre open the ducts of one or two 
glands which are situated beneath the 
warts. ‘The position and general strue- 
ture of these glands, as well as their 
motion when the larvae are disturbed, 
indicate that they are defensive in func- 
tion, but exact observations are still 
lacking on this subject. 
In quite a number of staphylinidae, 
and more rarely in other beetles, there 
is a pair of evaginable organs, one on 
each side of the anal opening, which 
give off a disagreable odor when pro- 
truded, and which must have attracted 
the attention of most collectors of cole- 
optera in capturing the larger species of 
staphylinidae. They have been men- 
tioned or described by Schiffer,°* Du- 
four,” and Leydig’? (p. 52-53). The 
function of these organs is evidently 
defensive. 
Similar appendages, but often more 
striking on account of their greater size, 
have been found in several lepidoptera, 
in most cases American species, altho 
the first mention of these organs in lepi- 
doptera also dates back to Schiiffer,* in 
1754. Ihave given an outline of the 
bibliography of this subject, as far as it 
concerns the species of lepidoptera found 
in this vicinity, in Psycue, v. 4, p. 49, 
and need not repeat it here. Fritz 
Miiller,*"* has contributed several pa- 
pers (in 1874, 1877, and 1883) to this 
subject. Doubleday’ (1846-1850) called 
attention to the presence of such organs 
in butterflies of the genus Acraea. 
These organs are sometimes naked and 
sometimes clothed with hairs or scales. 
The long yellow organs protruded by 
Spilosoma acrea are good examples of 
the hair-clothed form, while the organs 
described by Fritz Miiller in Heliconius 
and allied genera are covered with scales. 
The function of all these organs is not 
yet determined, but it is certain that 
a part of them at least are for the dis- 
tribution of odor. 
A er 
