PSYCHE. 
Mention has been made already twice 
of the gland which opens beneath the 
first segment of the larva of Harpyia 
vinula. Inthe same position on many 
larvae, some of those of Vanessa, Meli- 
taea, Argynnis, Bryophila, Cucullia, 
Habrostola, and Cleophane, according to 
Rogenhofer™®; and of Aporia, many sa- 
tyrids, Aplecta and Leucania, according 
to Goossens'—is an evaginable portion, 
which, in some cases, probably in all, 
is glandular, but the function of which 
is entirely undetermined except in the 
cease of Harpyia vinula, where it is an 
organ of defense. ‘These organs were 
compared to the osmateria of Papilio 
larvae by Schiiffer,** and have been more 
or less discussed by Rogenhofer,’® La- 
cordaire,”® Goossens’? and Klemensie- 
wicz.*” Bonnet® discovered these organs 
in 1739, altho he published nothing about 
them, as far as I know, until 1755, a 
year after the paper mentioned above 
was published by Schiffer. Bonnet gives 
a list of thirty-one caterpillars which 
possess these organs, and he tried exper- 
iments to see if cutting off these organs 
in larvae affected in any way the imago 
produced from them, proving that ima- 
gos from larvae thus treated were per- 
fect. Bonnet™ (p. 503-504) also found 
two evaginable fleshy organs near the 
posterior extremity of the abdomen in 
the larva of the ant-lion (Wyrmeleon). 
Réaumur®” (1737, tome 3, p. 165), 
notices an organ, probably similar to 
that under the first thoracic segment of 
certain lepidopterous larvae, in the same 
locality, on a phryganeid larva, and Ro- 
genhofer,”® mentions, on the authority 
397 
of Brauer, a protrusile organ beneath the 
first segment of a phryganeid larva. 
In dealing with the protrusile organs 
of different insects above, I have given 
more citations of early authors than I 
should have done had I found them 
brought together elsewhere. 
siewicz, altho not claiming to give the 
full literature of the subject, certainly 
omits, and apparently has not seen, 
some of the more important papers on 
the subject of which he treats. I have 
mentioned only the more important pa- 
pers on the glands of European insects, 
but I have sought to refer to all papers 
which have dealt originally with evagi- 
nable glands of American insects. 
I have not examined carefully the pa- 
pers published upon the subject of femoral 
tufts of lepidoptera, or tufts upon other 
parts of lepidopterous insects, which 
tufts I presume may well come into con- 
sideration at this point. Fritz Miiller® 
treated of them at some length in 1877. 
They have been suspected often to be 
organs for the distribution of odors, and 
Bertkau® has shown, in one case — that 
of the male of Hepiaulus hecta— that the 
analogous tibial organ is filled with 
glands, and is used, in connection with 
organs on the first abdominal segment, 
to diffuse an odor for sexual purposes. 
These organs of Hepialus are noticed 
more fully than here, by Burgess, in 
PsYcHeE, v. 3, p. 32. 
A few considerations upon the use to 
which the different forms of glands, so 
briefly noticed in this paper, especially 
adapt themselves may be appropriate in 
closing this paper. The simple glandu- 
Klemen- 
